Michelle de Highden and Bill Davoren from the Australian Institute of Sport discuss their organisation’s recent approach to coach development.
Recommended Reading:
Tips For Coaching Generation Z, From Eton College
Are Coaches Too Dogmatic About their Methods?
Coaching Mastery & Creating Environments for Talent to Flourish
Framing the topic:
Our first Member Case Study of the year provided an opportunity for Michelle De Highden and Bill Davoren from the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) to delve deeper into a case study of the coach development practices that are having the most impact across the Australian Institute system.
The session explored:
This was followed by:
Michelle and Bill began with a outline of the AIS’s key operating principles:
Next came an explanation of the AIS’s ‘how’:
They seek to enhance coach capability through the following approaches:
How the AIS shines a lens on experiential, social learning:
Four examples of coach development programmes implemented so far:
These were the two discussion points attendees were encouraged to answer in their breakout conversations:
The following emerged as learnings:
Questions and key takeaways from our members:
Hypetex’s carbon fiber Adidas Kromaskin stick has a micro-cell core that ensures consistent production.
A Data & Innovation brought to you by

Not until a decade ago, in 2013, was the chemical code cracked. Composite specialists with experience in Formula 1 devised a process for coloring carbon fiber while preserving its structural integrity. That work laid the foundation for Hypetex, an England-based company whose first major foray into sports is the Adidas Kromaskin field hockey stick. Other partners include New Balance, Jaguar Land Rover and, until 2021, Formula 1 itself.
That stick, adorned with Adidas’s distinctive three stripes, was a visible part of the Men’s Hockey World Cup 2023 in India, especially during the final, where Germany beat Belgium on 5-4 on penalties following 3-3 draw.
“I started using the Kromaskin stick the moment it was released,” said German national team player Christopher Rühr, an Adidas-sponsored athlete who also won an Olympic bronze in 2016. “It’s perfect for forwards like me. It has the ultimate power for goal shots but also a soft touch for when you’re receiving and dribbling.”
What Hypetex offers is more than the aesthetics benefit of infused color replacing an outer lacquer on sticks, which is prone to chipping. In combination with a micro-cell core that is inserted into the head of the stick, the Kromaskin outperformed eight premium hockey sticks, according to testing conducted by the Sports Technology Institute at Loughborough University.
The Adidas Kromaskin stick — a finalist in the Sports & Leisure category of the 2022 JEC Innovation Awards, a prestigious honor within the composite materials industry — had a 16% higher coefficient of restitution (COR), which is a measure of power transferred into the ball, and 70% less variation in COR.
Even though modern field hockey sticks are generally made of synthetic materials such as fiberglass, aramid and carbon fiber, they are prone to similar variation in performance the way wooden baseball bats are.
“What [hockey athletes] were finding previously, which was their pain point, was that there was a massive inconsistency in the performance of one stick versus the other because the production process was really dependent on the user,” said Hypetex CEO Marc Cohen. “By creating this micro-cell core, what we ended up doing was standardizing the process very much, leaving it and moving it away from the production risks that come with individuals or labor. That in itself created a much, much lower variance across sticks to the point that there was insignificant. Every stick turned out like the previous one.”
Hypetex maintains its own manufacturing facility in the southeast of England, which enables tighter quality control and longer-term competitive advantages.
“We moved production away from Pakistan, whereby a lot of probably the top 10 brands all get produced from the same factory,” Cohen said. “So any IP that gets brought out in one season for one brand, very quickly finds its way into every other brand. So when Adidas had an idea around designing a new stick and developing new solutions, they were very keen to ensure that value didn’t get diluted directly into other people’s manufacturing.”
Though the core IP around colored carbon fiber was first created 10 years ago, Cohen acknowledged that finding the best product-market fit and implementing the necessary processes for volume manufacturing took time for a pioneering process of colorizing the carbon fiber.
“So that’s where the trickiness has been, is how do you create something that is, in essence, a layer between layers, that doesn’t affect the layering system?” Cohen said. “So there’s a really interesting equilibrium that’s looked for by using fibers and using what’s called the matrix. The matrix is like a glue system that goes within the fibers and enables the structure to actually exist in the form that it’s been designed for.
“Now, by adding something, what we do — the color — to the fibers, you’re creating a layer that could be a resistance or an issue when fabricating or laminating or creating that product. So that’s where the design of the chemistry was necessary to be very tech-orientated to enable those same mechanical properties.”
This article was brought to you by SBJ Tech, a Leaders Group company. As a Leaders Performance Institute member, you are able to enjoy exclusive access to SBJ Tech content in the field of athletic performance.
22 Feb 2023
ArticlesSportec Solutions’ Tom Janicot stresses the importance of communication and the advantages of the league owning its own system.
It is a question the Leaders Performance Institute poses to Tom Janicot, the Director of Video Solutions at Sportec Solutions, who has invited us to RTL Deutschland’s HQ in Cologne on a January evening to explore the German Football League’s (DFL) Video Assist hub during a round of midweek Bundesliga matches.
“The DFL decided to come here because it’s a broadcasting facility in general,” he says. “From a technical perspective, it’s a place where we’ve got maximum redundancy and maximum security for our technical installations and connections to all the stadiums in Germany.” The centre provides both the comfort – much needed for referees when making high-stakes decisions – and the technical infrastructure.
The VAR system for the Bundesliga, known locally as ‘Video Assist’, was first used across the German top tier during the 2017-18 season. It joined goal line technology, which was introduced during the 2015-16 Bundesliga season, as a staple of the match day experience in Germany. Goal line technology provides an instant, accurate judgement on whether or not a ball has crossed the goal line, resulting in a goal.

The DFL Video Assist HQ is operated at a central hub in the city of Cologne. (Image: Deltatre/Sportec Solutions)
Ahead of the 2022-23 season, in March 2022, the German Football Federation (DFB) appointed the Munich-based Sportec Solutions as the Bundesliga’s officiating technology partner for the next five seasons.
It is a pioneering development, as Sportec Solutions is a joint venture between renowned sports and entertainment technology provider Deltatre and the DFL, who operate Germany’s top two divisions under the auspices of the DFB.
Keeping the Bundesliga’s Fifa-certified VAR and goal line technology in-house affords the league overall control, as Janicot explains. “When it comes to changes in setup or innovative features, there’s a huge advantage to being in control of the road maps and the directions we want to take in the future. This also reduces development and feedback cycles. It is challenging for us but also good for our product that the DFL set a very high bar in terms of standards. It is relatively achievable to get everything to work 98% of the time, but that final 2% – that’s where it costs a lot of time, a lot of effort and a lot of money sometimes to get to that stage.” Sportec Solutions achieves such accuracy using technology designed by its subsidiary, Vieww, which specialises in camera-based systems.
Earlier in the day, Janicot had taken the Leaders Performance Institute to inspect the match day setup at the BayArena ahead of Bayer Leverkusen’s meeting with VfL Bochum. In the Bundesliga, he explained, both VAR and goal line technology are set up according to two camera plans: 19 for some matches and 21 cameras for others. A prominent fixture such as Bayern Munich-Borussia Dortmund may have a camera plan of 23. Additionally, there are 14 ‘intelligent’ cameras within a stadium tracking at 200 frames per second in real-time.

A Sportec Solutions van onsite at the BayArena ahead of Bayer Leverkusen’s meeting with VfL Bochum on 25 January. It is one of 12 all-electric vans in the Sportec Solutions fleet. (Image: Deltatre/Sportec Solutions)
Sportec Solutions will have a team onsite, both in the stadium and the TV compound outside, and will work to provide both images and audio to the VARs and operators back in Cologne. For each match, two match officials – a VAR and an assistant VAR – will work directly with two operators, who themselves are supported by an onsite backroom team.
There are eight screens at every terminal. The two largest screens relay footage from the main camera above the halfway line. The others will relay a variety of angles and enable operators to assemble a quad-split for the VAR officials to review an incident from multiple angles.
While the Bundesliga employs the full system, Vieww’s tech could theoretically be rolled out in more modest circumstances. There are already versions in the Portuguese men’s third division and the Bolivian men’s league. “The system we have built here in the Bundesliga is extremely modular,” says Janicot. “You can reduce it to a bare minimum and you can have a functional system – the processes don’t go away – you’re still going to check a red card exactly the same way. That’s something that’s very important for us, to document all of that to make sure that we have the same standards no matter the size and capability of the competition.”
The system in Germany is refined through regular VAR and operator feedback. “What we want is better decision-making and then you break it down from there. ‘OK, this is what you want to get to, how do you build every single building block to make sure that you support VARs in making the best possible decisions?’” adds Janicot, who says referees are involved in review processes.
“We had a testing phase of about one year of putting a product in front of them, getting them to give us feedback on how they liked it, how it was being used, what they didn’t like especially, and then being able to change that.
“I think it’s a luxury we’ve had in building this product from scratch over the past few years after VAR had been introduced [in German football]. We didn’t create it and then put it live and then figure out we need to change this and that. We went in with a fresh mind having had three or four years’ experience within our team and then using that to build the product as it is now.
“And now, on a weekly basis, we’re still discovering things where we get feedback from the referees or from operators and think, ‘hey, maybe we can add this or change that’. That’s a continuously evolving thing and I think that working so closely with the refereeing department – that’s really the key.”

Sportec Solutions deploys its officiating technology across both divisions of the Bundesliga, the German Supercup, and selected matches in the national cup competition, the DFB Pokal. (Image: Deltatre/Sportec Solutions)
This ongoing review process led Sportec Solutions to discard touchscreens for VARs. “If you put technology in front of someone then they’re going to feel like they need to use it,” says Janicot, who explains that VARs were initially able to zoom in on a shot for themselves without the help of an operator. “What we actually found is that it was detrimental to the operation because the operator actually had something else in mind but you had the VAR doing something else. So you had two people to control the system when actually we found it’s better to have just one person who is in charge and the VAR hands-off, simply communicating.
“That’s the thing where you can’t solve everything with technology, you need to think about what the strengths are with the different people that are at the table and what their ultimate goal is or what their role is in the operation and then make sure they have all the tools to be able to fulfil that role.”
Nevertheless, the system still looks complicated to the uninitiated and the Leaders Performance Institute was all at sea when called upon to rule on an offside decision in a trial match-based scenario. Yet any risk of information overload is offset by the VAR and operators’ training, experience and ability to communicate.
“Clear communication is the absolute key to reaching fast, precise decisions,” says Janicot. “The team needs to speak the same language, to trust each other to do their respective jobs, especially when it comes to a complex process like an offside decision.”

Sportec Solutions’ VAR and goal line technology is provided by its subsidiary, Vieww. (Image: Deltatre/Sportec Solutions)
The DFB has brought in commercial pilots to work with referees and operators to help them to better understand how to engage in clear, direct communication techniques when issuing requests, commands and responses.
But what if the technology itself were to fail? “You need to make sure there are no single points of failure and that’s the whole way along the chain,” says Janicot. “All the way down to a single cable going to a monitor or making sure that you have a separate monitor going through a separate line, going through a separate converter etc. So making sure that you separate the work flows completely to make sure that there’s no one point where anything can fail. That applies to technology and also to people, right. What is your back-up plan if somebody gets ill the day before a match? Or if a van doesn’t make it to a venue the day before a match?
“About a year ago, we spent quite a few hours going through all the different scenarios. We called it a ‘pre-mortem’. Thinking about the absolute worst-case scenario. What happened? How can we fail? Then it’s making sure that you step back from that and going through all the different scenarios and you try as a team to cover as many as possible.”

An operator draws the lines during a trial run of the technology that enables VARs to rule on offside decisions. (Image: Deltatre/Sportec Solutions)
What about imminent developments? Where does officiating technology go next? Janicot cites the potential for enhanced player tracking. “Do we at one point want to look at tracking more parts of the body than just the centre of mass?” He also refers to the use of balls containing microchips that support the use of VAR, goal line and semi-automated offside technology in Fifa competitions. “They showed it’s possible that it can be done and at Sportec Solutions we are of course having the discussion, if this is something that we need? What benefits do we get from it? And again, what benefits does it bring to the refereeing world?”
Offside decisions are another area where the DFL and Sportec Solutions are looking to further refine their process, particularly the length of time it takes to reach a verdict and the steps taken to get there. “We are looking at each segment of this decision tree and seeing ‘can we improve this? Can we improve this by work flows between the operators and the VARs or with technology?’ I think that’s something where we can make big steps forward.”
And if money were no object? “Informing the fans in the stadium, I think, is a real key part. Finding a way to do that in the best possible way. I think that’s key.”
He is optimistic for the future of officiating technology in football. “Top leagues have always had high requirements when it comes to precision and it’s also important to us because it’s an elemental part of the game. Afterall, it has influence on the decision-making process, so for us, along the whole way it was very important for us, at the end of this road, that we do get a world-class product where we have the chance to bring in our requirements in terms of quality and reliability but also our wishes and ideas for our future.
“We absolutely feel confident that we are in a very good position right now and in a very good position to develop whatever direction we might want to go in terms of the next years for refereeing technologies.”
Head of Teaching & Learning Jonnie Noakes offers learning and development advice from the world-renowned boys boarding school.
Allow them to show their individuality and competitiveness
“They’re the first generation of digital natives,” said Jonnie Noakes when speaking of Gen Z, the group most often defined as having been born between 1997 and 2012. “They’re used to what is sometimes called ‘hyper-customisation’.” As such they value expressing their individuality. Noakes is the Director of Teaching & Learning at the world-renowned Eton College and, in 2020, he spoke at Virtual Leaders Meet: Coach Development about the traits of Generation Z as defined in a series of recent studies.
He ended his presentation with some steps coaches can take to effectively engage Gen Zs in learning and development. “This is a generation at ease with fluidity. That doesn’t just apply to their idea of their careers it actually applies in a way that is interesting and quite complex to their identity, their sexuality, to who they see themselves as being.”
Coaches should also allow them to be independent and competitive, which is one of the strengths of those who grew up post-9/11 and post-the 2008 financial crisis. “These are not dreamers, they know that life will not always be easy, they know they’re likely to experience significant failures before achieving success, but they’re willing to fail forward and try again. They’re very focused on skills and building their skills for future flourishing; and they are self-starters.”
Communicate with them face to face
The research recommends face to face communication. “They prefer this,” said Noakes. “They prefer to receive their feedback individually and in person.” Remember: “These are a group of people used to choosing exactly what they want, exactly how they want it, and this has a relevance too to the way we might reach them educationally.”
Show them how to collaborate
The research suggests that while Gen Z enjoy stories about their peers, they are less-collaborative than Millennials. “They have to be taught how to collaborate in a way that Millennials perhaps didn’t,” said Noakes. “They must also adjust to us just as every generation must adjust to others who don’t think in quite the same way as they do,” he added. “They’re not natural collaborators but we know the value of collaboration. Therefore, we can insist having shown them how to do it.”
On that note, Noakes referred to a study conducted at Eton around holistic education where the premise was that teaching students a traditional, narrow band of cognitive tasks was not equipping them for life. Growth mindset was a major consideration. “We were very interested in whether if we taught 17-year-olds growth mindset, that is an understanding that their abilities are not fixed, but that they improve with practice, and that crucially also applies to intelligence, which is not a fixed thing, would they become more pro-social?”
Experiential learning
“Generation Zs learn by doing – they like experiential learning,” says Noakes. “That’s not to say they’re not capable of learning by listening, of course they are; learning by reading, yes, that works too, but when you can give them an opportunity to learn by doing – give it to them.”
Gen Z are also responsive to “blended learning”. “That’s a combination of online and experiential learning, partially because it allows them to personalise the online element. Involve them in the planning and iteration stages of whatever you’re doing with them. They want to have a say in what’s happening to them. Don’t forget: they’re used to hyper-customisation.”
Focus on the future
“Gen Z like to know they’re going somewhere,” said Noakes. “Give them interaction with those in the years [cohorts] ahead, give them clear goals, help them to focus on their career development stages.” He also stresses that they’re pragmatic and tenacious. “They respond to the idea of ‘work hard and see the rewards’.”
17 Feb 2023
ArticlesThe United States Tennis Association is using data to educate and inform players and coaches alike.
A Data & Innovation brought to you by

This particular maxim may indeed be true more often than not, but two of the world’s top players — reigning US Open champ Carlos Alcaraz and his finals opponent, Casper Ruud — are actually covering a lot more distance, according to data analysis from USTA’s player development team.
“They’re running significantly more because they’re covering more ground to hit the forehand and be more aggressive,” said Geoff Russell, USTA’s Senior Manager for Professional Players. “So maybe, them covering more distance is, relative to the tactical game style that they’re trying to play, that might not be a bad thing. That might be an efficient thing.”
The running habits of the Nos. 1 and 3 ranked players are but one insight gleaned from the Hawk-Eye player and shot tracking data available at every Grand Slam event, including the Australian Open, which took place in January. What the USTA has prioritized in recent years is in-depth assessment of match data in order to inform training. Practice sessions and workouts are tracked by wearable technologies to ensure that players are preparing appropriately to compete and contend at major tournaments.
A key figure in this initiative is Paul Robbins, Kinexon’s EVP of Sports Performance and a member of the USTA Sport Science Committee. Robbins pioneered this type of physical performance monitoring for NBA players as the Director of Elite Performance at STATS, which owned the first tracking system implemented in basketball, SportVU. He continues to consult extensively within the NBA.
Robbins jokes about how impressive the USTA Sports Science Committee is, noting that he’s just about the only one without an MD or PhD. (“I always say I’m the dumbest guy in the room,” he quipped with a laugh.) Now, in conjunction with Russell, Performance Manager David Ramos, medical advisory group member Mark Kovacs and others, Robbins is helping spearhead innovative analysis and training programs in tennis.
“How do these guys actually play? How do we actually then train somebody to play at this level? Their accelerations or decelerations, the loads, the work capacity you need over a two-week period of time in the tournament — things like that,” Robbins said. “It’s basically bringing everything I’ve done for the NBA for 12 years, now, we’re actually at that level for the USTA to be able to do that in our development of our US players.”
During the US Open, the USTA player and coach development staffs introduced the Physicality Index and published a series of web stories using this new metric to describe the intensity and toll of matches. One such piece, discussing the play of the men’s semifinalists, shared the aforementioned insight about Alcarez and Ruud, whose respective 6.9 and 6.6 Physicality Index scores dwarfed Karen Khachanov (5.2) and American Frances Tiafoe (4.8), as did their high-speed distance covered and number of explosive movements.
That public-facing metric was designed to engage and interest fans and, at times, included some sample workouts that competitive players could undertake to prepare for such demands. But the player development work runs much deeper.
Russell and Robbins drove from the greater Phoenix area out to Indian Wells for the BNP Paribas Open in October 2021, and over the course of the roughly eight-hour roundtrip drive, they designed most of the new tech-infused, player development program.
The first order of business was to assess the current practice routines among highly rated junior players at the USTA campus in Lake Nona. Performance Analytics Coordinator Katherine Gonzalez tagged every drill in the data management platform to help develop these baselines.
Early questions raised by Robbins, whose specialty is in metabolics, were about training the necessary energy systems: “Do we need a 15-minute drill? if you’re trying to mimic what’s happening in a match, that’s two minutes. You want to go at a much higher intensity to do that.”
One revelation of this work: several coaches were using mini-tennis — a rally-driven exercise using only the service boxes — early in training session to get their players loose.
“They were calling it their warmup,” Robbins said, “and that turned out to be the highest intensity drill. It’s like, ‘I don’t know if we want to start with the highest-intensity drill.’”
Providing education to the coaches is the important first step, and they’ve been largely receptive to the explanations they’re hearing.
“Coaches have the right intention,” Russell said. “They’re trying to do the right things, but they just need to understand the why — the effects of what they’re doing.”
USTA leadership has been supportive, he added, because every stakeholder in development stands to gain from the infusion of data and video to track not only physical load but stroke volume and heart rate, too. RPEs, the common shorthand for rate of perceived exertion scores, are also valuable data points from the athletes themselves even if they are inherently more subjective.
These sources appeal to tennis coaches, strength coaches, athletes, the medical team and also the mental skills coaches, with Russell noting the applicability of heart rate data as a proxy for pressure management. After all, physical, technical and tactical performance are inherently intertwined. The USTA performance team’s preview of the women’s semifinal, for example, used the data to show how Ons Jabeur and Caroline Garcia minimized their exertion by controlling court position, rarely standing far behind the baseline, by using their strength to return shots from closer in and rallying with powerful forehands.
Every player has his or her own style of play and requisite physical thresholds, but as the data gets collected and analyzed, the USTA can create clusters, or buckets, of player profiles who would all benefit from similar training. That serves as a base for further personalization.
“Going back to Alcaraz, I mean, those accelerations and decelerations that he had — and not only just one or two, he just kept doing it — you’ve got to train for that,” Robbins said. “And that’s what we’re trying to do is understand what the matches are. And then how do we how do we adjust our drills to do that?”
This article was brought to you by SBJ Tech, a Leaders Group company. As a Leaders Performance Institute member, you are able to enjoy exclusive access to SBJ Tech content in the field of athletic performance.
16 Feb 2023
PodcastsLeaders Performance Advisor Lorena Torres Ronda discusses her role in Spain men’s success at the 2022 EuroBasket Championships.
She has experienced both, including a spell as Performance Director at the Philadelphia 76ers and, most recently, as Performance Coordinator at the Spanish Basketball Federation, a role she has held for two years.
Lorena is also a Performance Advisor for the Leaders Performance Institute and, as such, we were delighted to welcome her to deliver an instalment in our Performance Perspectives series, where she reflected on her contribution to Spain’s success at the 2022 men’s FIBA EuroBasket Championships; their fourth triumph.
Hers was a dual role during those three weeks in September that combined S&C work with player load monitoring. It was vital that she prioritise, as she tells the podcast.
“Of course, you see things and my mind is like, ‘we could do this or that’ and ‘it would be good to improve speed or agility’ – that’s my emotional side,” she says. “My rational side knows that in three weeks you’re not going to improve tremendously in certain qualities because physiologically you don’t have time.”
Elsewhere in this episode, she discusses:
Lorena Torres Ronda Twitter | LinkedIn
Listen above and subscribe today on iTunes, Spotify, Stitcher and Overcast, or your chosen podcast platform.
Professor Carl Gombrich believes that interdisciplinarity leads to different perspectives on expertise and creativity.
It was with this idea in mind – plus what he perceives as the British school and university system’s inability to cater for more than narrow academic subjects – that he founded the London Interdisciplinary School (LIS) alongside Chris Persson and Ed Fidoe in 2017.
Gombrich, who serves as the school’s Academic Lead and Head of Teaching and Learning, is a living embodiment of interdisciplinarity. He is a professor with degrees in mathematics, physics and philosophy. On top of that, he used to be a professional opera singer. Before co-founding the LIS, in 2010, he set up the UK’s first Bachelor of Arts and Science degree at University College London (UCL).
He broached the topic of interdisciplinary learning and knowledge at the 2022 Leaders Sport Performance Summit in London but, before taking to the stage, he sat down with the Leaders Performance Institute to give us a flavour of what to expect.
“Interdisciplinary learning is learning in which you combine the skills, knowledge and methods from more than one discipline,” he says. He then cites the hypothetical example of a coder with an intimate understanding of graphics and art being good at data visualisation. “Those two things don’t generally go together but you can combine them comfortably these days and be a very go-to person. There are so many combinations. I had one student on a programme I set up studying genetics and law because she’s very interested in going into the legal aspect of genetic engineering.”
Essentially, interdisciplinarity combines knowledge in new and useful ways, which is a handy skill to have in sport, as Gombrich would point out onstage. Sport, he accepted, is highly specialised, but environments do change and people must draw on new knowledge to be able to adapt and grow. An interdisciplinary approach also leads to an increased menu of options and, therefore, more creative approaches to problem-solving.
However, while there are tangible benefits to interdisciplinary learning and knowledge, Gombrich feels that systemic problems in the British education system, to name but one example, present an obstacle to realising society’s collective potential. “Our school system and university system are not set up for this at all,” he continues. He believes they are beset by what he calls “legacy thinking”. “So my life for the last 12 years is opening the door for students who want interdisciplinary learning and knowledge; and the great joy has been seeing how successful they’ve been as a result.”
Addressing real world problems
Is interdisciplinarity as simple as trying to analyse and understand gaps in skillsets and complementing those with expertise from elsewhere or is it something more holistic?
“I think it’s been a spectrum. It’s not black and white. But what I’ve been amazed about in my career in the last ten years is how students find the gaps,” says Gombrich.
This is where he believes legacy thinking presents an obstacle. “There are so many new areas which are more complex and require more combinations than old academic subjects will really allow for,” he adds.
“I think the reason the thing I did at UCL was a success is because I had a boss and a boss’ boss who allowed me the space, within an established institution, to do that. [For] most institutions – not just universities, anywhere – you’ve got to look at the incentives of people. What are people incentivised to do? Academics in their academic subjects are incentivised to be brilliant at that one very narrow academic subject. Because of the way the degrees are structured, they’re incentivised to get students who are only really very good or interested in that subject.”
Schools, he argues, are no different given the distinctions they emphasise between science and humanities. “You need a sympathetic manager who’s honestly going to knock a few heads together sometimes and say, ‘we totally respect what you do in your area, but there’s more to life than just your area and can we help students learn enough of your area to do well, but also combine it with other things?’.”
He returns to the story of the law student who studied genetics. “The pushback might be straightaway from the lawyers like, ‘Oh, well that person’s only half a lawyer’ or ‘that person’s only half a genetics engineer’, but you say they’re more than double – the unique lawyer who knows about genetics.
“Actually a student of mine has a great way of saying this. He’s working in AI and law, another fantastic combination where there’s such a need for people that can speak to both audiences, and he says it’s pretty hard to be the top 1% of anything – it’s really, really hard. But it’s not that difficult to be the top 10% of two or three things, and if you see that as a multiplier you become the top .1%, or 1 in 1000, in that new unique area.
“There are these areas open to you if you just keep your eyes and ears open.”
Strikingly, the LIS teaches no subjects. This is because the school does not believe in traditional categories of education that it feels no longer reflect the world today. “We just teach through real world problems, so students will study something like sustainability in equality and we’ll teach them methods – so basically research methods. It could be quantitative methods around statistics, it could be graphical methods, it could be social science methods. How to design a survey, how to conduct an interview. And we don’t say, ‘oh this is economics’ or ‘this is sociology’ or ‘this is physics’ – we just teach them tools to go out and to tackle that problem. So this is the big step that we’ve made – it’s very radical. I think it’s very hard for people to shift their mindset.”
It sounds like they are teaching students an entirely new way to learn. “Absolutely, 100%, that a big meta of all this. One of the quotes I say from a student of mine is about how being on our programme she was almost forced, as she puts it in a beautiful way, to: ‘foster a burning curiosity about things’. And that’s kind of a teacher’s holy grail, because if you can take someone from thinking that learning is just kind of receiving knowledge passively, perhaps regurgitating it through an exam, and then have them thinking, ‘I’m just curious, I want to know, I want to learn!’ then they’re kind of made for life, really. They can, in this modern world retool, retrain, have three or four careers and that’s really nice to hear.”
How does the LIS track progress without exams? “One of the defining features of interdisciplinarity is trying to reflect the real world more. In the real world there are no exams. There’s things you do, there’s feedback and, if you’re a good learner and you’re lucky to get feedback, you should learn from that experience. That’s what learning is: trial, error and feedback, and iteration and improvement.”
The LIS prefers real life projects. “For example, in the first year, our students worked with 13 separate individual external organisations on a sustainability consultancy report. These were only first years and it was quite scary for them coming from school and all the traditions of school, but the [clients] were genuine external clients, people interested in doing a startup around waste management or in education, looking at schools, school architecture, all sorts of different things. And our students were asked to use the knowledge they got from our programme to write this report for them. So there is a real emphasis to try and make the assessments as real as possible.
“The other answer to that is a bit more theoretical, but I think it’s worth trying to answer it – how do you assess interdisciplinarity? How can you say you’ve done a good job combining genetics and law? That is much harder to do because you’re coming from a space where we know what law looks like, we know what genetics looks like [but] we don’t really know what someone who’s really good at that combination looks like. But that’s the sort of challenge we should like as educationalists and we are working on that. We’ve got various ways of looking at how students have synthesised knowledge together, how they’ve integrated it. We’ve looked at quite a few meta things like how they’ve framed the problem, how they’ve been critical of the various different perspectives. We talk a lot about taking perspectives on a problem, having evidence that you’ve taken more than one perspective. So there are quite a lot of these meta tools, but it’s interesting actually, in setting up a new uni, a lot of the kind of standard regulatory phraseology just doesn’t work because it says, ‘demonstrate that you’re better at this discipline in this way’, but we don’t want one discipline, we want them to take different perspectives and synthesise them in new ways.”
The balance between ‘synthesis’ and ‘analysis’ lies at the heart of the discussion between traditional methods of education and interdisciplinary learning. “In education, we’re very good at analysis because we know what it looks like to break something down into bitesize pieces and then be critical about it. Or if you get something right and we can give that a mark, we’ve got a checklist about that.
“We don’t really know what good synthesis looks like, because almost by definition synthesis gives you novelty, it gives you newness – someone’s done something cool and combined these two things that you’ve never seen before. How are you supposed to go to your mark sheet, to the regulator, or even to the student sometimes, and say ‘this is really good’?
“I said to my students at UCL that I’m going to reserve the top marks for those of you who surprise me in a good way. And what’s the students’ first question? ‘How can I surprise you, Carl?’ And it’s like ‘just stop and think about it for a moment.’ And that’s the twist you need. Of course certainly some students are scared of it, some even resent it because they think, ‘no, if I do everything correctly I should be able to get the top grade.’ And you want to say ‘no, you do everything correctly – that’s cool, you’re a B.’
“You’re never going to be outstanding, you’re never going to change people’s minds really, or create something, unless there’s a whole bit above doing everything correctly which we reserve for that synthesis, that novelty and that productive, creative approach”.
Specialist-generalists
How interdisciplinary learning and knowledge may best apply to sports is in the continuing debate around specialists and generalists in high performance.
Gombrich is a believer in the theory of interactional expertise, which was devised by a professor of social sciences called Harry Collins, who defined the concept as: ‘the ability to converse expertly about a practical skill or expertise, but without being able to practise it, learned through linguistic socialisation among the practitioners.’ The opposite is contributory expertise, which is possessed, quite simply, by experts in their field.
“There’s an entire huge class of people in the knowledge who use their linguistic interactional expertise in really valuable ways,” says Gombrich. “Now the challenge for this is people think this means that if you can bullshit your way you’re good, you’re doing a good job. And Collins said this isn’t about bullshit, it’s about leadership – can you understand someone’s point of view and their objectives without being them? Without being a marketeer or being an accountant, can you really understand what makes them tick, what they care about, what their main concepts are in their discipline? Can you advocate for something without being an expert in that area?”
Interactional experts, as he would tell the audience, have the ability to ask penetrating questions, play devil’s advocate, translate accurately from one expert to another and negotiate in unfamiliar circumstances. This means they are good at taking perspective, translating between sectors and brokering, showing empathy, being creative and demonstrating leadership.
But how should a team be constituted? “There are quite a lot of these meta questions,” says Gombrich. “Can you find the right narrow experts that are willing to open up and listen to other perspectives? Or, and there’s a risk here, do you say you’re not going to have experts like that because they just can’t integrate? So you’re going to have a whole bunch of people who are open-minded, but is there a kind of groupthink in open-mindedness? So there’s a kind of asymmetry with this, you see. The open-minded person has to, in a sense, include the close-minded person in their discussions; and interdisciplinarians are always trying to do that, kind of widening the ambit of inclusivity. A close-minded person just says, ‘oh, I just don’t consider you, you’re out of my spectrum’. But that, in a way, makes their life a bit easier. There’s just one track. But I think in an interdisciplinary team you can’t afford to do that. So you need to include difficult people who might challenge you, and some of the very, very difficult people might not even be willing to be in the conversation with you.
“We have two very high level guiding principles at LIS for our students and I guess they apply everywhere because we’re about tackling complex problems. One is that you need to pursue multiple perspectives and the other is you need to think in terms of networks and relationships. Now how this works for teams in sport I’m not quite sure, there must be a way, but often when solving a problem these days it’s best if you’re humble enough to know that you don’t know the answer but someone in your network does. And if you can pick up the phone to them and get 20 minutes with them they might give you that nugget which you didn’t get before.”
Gombrich concludes with a quote from former US President Harry Truman. “He said: ‘it is amazing what you can accomplish if you do not care who gets the credit’.
“Humility is a theme across all this. Humility of knowledge, humility of learning, humility of reaching out to people and admitting you don’t know.”
‘How can we put our athletes in positions to be successful?’
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“When I need to be able to understand something, when I need to be able to communicate something, when I need to be able to have that conversation with our front office or coaching staff, whoever that might be, they’re the ones that I’m going to in order to get that information.”
McDaniel is the Vice President of Player Performance at the LA Dodgers and the first guest on the People Behind the Tech Podcast series, a new collaboration between SBJ Tech and the Leaders Performance Institute.
During the course of the episode, he also talks to SBJ’s Joe Lemire and Leaders’ John Portch about topics, including:
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Listen above and subscribe today on iTunes, Spotify, Stitcher and Overcast, or your chosen podcast platform.
Ludimos’ solution is used by more than 19,000 players in 15 countries, including the IPL’s Royal Challengers Bangalore.
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“I lost all my fundamental flow and feel for the bat,” Rajagopal recalls. He adds, “Coming from India, cricket is kind of in our blood, in my blood, and I could live without anything but not without cricket. But in 2018, there was a point where I literally thought about stopping cricket because I wasn’t enjoying the game anymore. I wasn’t scoring. I wasn’t playing well. My performance was very bad.”
Around the same time, Rajagopal was helping coach the club’s junior players and was surprised not to find any apps to help track their progress. In his professional life, he is a data scientist and AI engineer, so he set out to build his own solution.
That product is now Ludimos, a smartphone-based cricket tracking and training app that has been used by more than 19,000 players across 15 countries. Among the team clients are nine national cricket associations, including those in Scotland and the Netherlands, as well as Royal Challengers Bangalore of the Indian Premier League (IPL).
Ludimos can analyze video from multiple viewpoints and provide tracking data on ball and bat. An assessment of player biomechanics is in development. And the platform is also a communication tool that enables coaches to assign drills, evaluate them upon completion and return annotated videos with tips.

Ludimos can analyze video from multiple viewpoints, provide tracking data on ball and bat and act as a communication tool where coaches can assign and evaluate drills. (Courtesy of Ludimos)
“Our current core value prop is the ball tracking,” Rajagopal says. “So our ball tracking technology is good enough that it is already adding value to both batters and ballers, and in our roadmap, the next thing we have is to unlock the bat tracking and then the biomechanics. Then at that point, then we can merge everything together and have contextual analysis of the player in full.”
RCB, in fact, revealed this week that one of their newest additions — bowler Avinash Singh — was the direct result of its Hinterland Scouting program, a data-driven talent identification tool powered by Ludimos. Singh has never played professionally and mostly played tennis ball cricket until less than a year ago, yet now he is the first of more than 10,000 registrations to make the RCB roster through this program and has bowled 145 kilometers per hour (90 mph), an elite pace.
In a video interview, RCB head of scouting Malolan Rangarajan described Hinterland Scouting as a “very, very objective way of identifying talent where we don’t use human eyes” while likening the bowling action of Singh to Umran Malik, the IPL’s fastest bowler.
As part of an innovation contest in 2021, Ludimos earned second place in the competition hosted by Cricket Australia and HCL, with distinction for its player development tools. Ludimos is also a graduate of the Stadia Ventures accelerator program and is now raising a €1.5 million seed round, of which €300,000 was slated to come from a crowdfunding campaign on Seedrs. (By mid-January, Ludimos had exceeded that goal and raised €314,511.)

The Ludimos homepage interface includes access to video analysis, drills and more. (Courtesy of Ludimos)
While other sports — most notably baseball — have seen great advances in the understanding of the sport via publicly accessible databases and research, cricket’s advanced data has been more closely held.
“We don’t have any open data set about what’s been collected and how it’s been used, which means that there are only a handful of companies in the world that actually do this,” Rajagopal says. “And we are the only one of them, which does all three, which is bat tracking, ball tracking and biomechanics.”
Video review helped remedy Rajagopal’s own swing woes. He asked friends on the team to record him for three weeks straight and reviewed the clips with a coach.
“Even though the exact same sentence was said to me by several coaches — ‘that your head is moving away, that your weight is actually falling off and not coming towards the ball’ — I could never visualize what that actually meant, how that would look like, until I saw him pointing on the screen where he said, ‘Your head should be here, but it’s few pixels to the right or to the left,’” he says, describing the experience as empowering.
With small changes, Rajagopal dramatically improved his batting results, regaining his confidence and triggering his pursuit of Ludimos to create similar opportunities — with greater tech-driven features — to everyone. (Ludimos is an amalgamation of Latin words that try to capture the process of improvement: self-reflection, practice, habit formation.)
Rajagopal says Ludimos was designed for all age groups of cricket, recognizing that most club coaches might work with 11 year olds on up to 40-somethings. The older bracket will seek more detailed analysis; youth players will seek a different experience. “For 11- to 15-year-olds, it’s more about having fun and feeling for the game,” he says. “It’s more about gamification, so we turn our data and AI into a way that they can use as challenges and leaderboards.”
Ben Ferbrache, the cricket development manager for Guernsey, manages and coaches the junior programs for the small island state situated in the English Channel.
“It’s a really good way of tracking a player’s progress, especially with a lot of our guys that are going from one age group to the next,” he says. Ferbrache notes the ease of use, both for the players and for the coaches to record and assign their own practice drills. “What we find is kids love technology,” he adds. “Everything is on a phone or an iPad these days. So that’s where we were like, ‘Why don’t we just embrace the technology, and the kids will actually start using it?’”
This article was brought to you by SBJ Tech, a Leaders Group company. As a Leaders Performance Institute member, you are able to enjoy exclusive access to SBJ Tech content in the field of athletic performance.
27 Jan 2023
Articles‘Everything in athletics is determined by ground forces. If you want to jump higher, you have to convert horizontal forces to vertical forces as efficiently as possible. We increase ground force,’ says Founder Stuart Jenkins.
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The study was conducted by a professional baseball organization — Blumaka is not publicizing which one–with movement tests performed on 190 athletes. Data from the biomechanics lab was collected through KinaTrax’s 3D marker-based motion capture system with integrated force plates. Among the findings from the study were 90% of athletes saw an increase in linear body velocity while wearing the insoles compared to not wearing them, 80% increased their lead leg ground-force production, 70% increased their back leg g-force production, and 80% had an increase in front knee stability.
“I can’t think of any sport where slipping helps other than curling,” says Blumaka founder Stuart Jenkins. “Everything in athletics is determined by ground forces. If you want to jump higher, you have to convert horizontal forces to vertical forces as efficiently as possible. We increase ground force.” On the lab testing, Jenkins adds: “They were running and then coming to a complete stop, looking at how fast do you start and how fast do you stop? They were also doing baseball things like a pitcher coming off a mound, what happens to that front leg when it hits the ground? Is that foot sliding down the mound or is it stopping so that you can get velocity on the ball?”
Konnect insoles are made from 85% of recycled foam materials, including a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) surface. Jenkins, 63, has spent over 40 years in the footwear industry including his previous role as VP of Innovation and Product Development at Deckers Outdoor Corporation, which owns brands such as UGG and HOKA. Investors in Blumaka include Donnie Ecker, the current bench coach and offensive coordinator for the Texas Rangers and former hitting coach for the Giants.
“Most insoles have cloth on the top and most socks are made out of fabric. You put two things together, a sock and a fabric that have the same coefficient of friction, they slide,” Jenkins says. “What we did is we picked a material that had a tackiness to it. If you put [Konnect] under a microscope, you would see these micro-grip patterns that we’ve built into the mold so that it would grab this sock more effectively.”

Giants outfielder Mike Yastrzemski has been among the staunchest advocators for Blumaka, wearing the insoles during games over the past two seasons after being connected to Jenkins though a friend of a friend. Several teammates, including Tommy La Stella and Evan Longoria followed Yastrzemski’s lead in purchasing the insoles. Testing on Yastrzemski’s swing showed his rotational acceleration increased by 5-7gs [g-force] wearing the insoles versus without, according to The Athletic.
“[Konnect] lasts something in the neighborhood of 10 to 20 times longer than the insoles they’re putting in these athletic shoes from a cushioning and durability standpoint,” Jenkins says. “Mike Yastrzemski told me he normally goes through three insoles a year in his baseball cleats. He has now played two consecutive seasons in one insole, our insole. Think about that from an environmental standpoint.”
“I’ve tried every kind of insole there is on the market,” Longoria, now a free agent, told The Athletic last summer. “I’ve had custom orthotics made, I’ve tried all the over-the-counter stuff you can buy. This [Blumaka] has by far been the best result that I’ve gotten from an insole.”
Jenkins says that 10-15 PGA Tour golfers wear Blumaka during tournaments. California-based athletic sock company Drymax has a distribution agreement with Blumaka, which has sold its Konnect insole at full price ($59) on its website to all professional athletes wearing the product and does not yet have any paid endorsers. A report from Fox Sports found that just 11 of 695 MLB hitters did not wear batting gloves in plate appearances during the 2021 season, and Jenkins thinks his insoles could become a just as common piece of equipment.
“The reason everyone wears batting gloves is because it makes you a little bit better, because slipping is not a good thing,” Jenkins says. “It’s gonna be the same way with insoles. Why would you want to slip? We’re not going to make people go from the sandlot to Yankee Stadium and be a star, but we’re gonna make the stars at Yankee Stadium a little bit better.”
This article was brought to you by SBJ Tech, a Leaders Group company. As a Leaders Performance Institute member, you are able to enjoy exclusive access to SBJ Tech content in the field of athletic performance.