By John Portch

Kansas City Chiefs Head Coach Andy Reid may be the best in the business, but he is not a one-man coaching ticket.

Reid’s celebrated right-hand men, including Offensive Coordinator Matt Nagy and Defensive Coordinator Steve Spagnuolo, are in demand for newly vacant head coaching roles elsewhere now that the NFL regular season has concluded.

Time will tell whether Nagy or Spagnuolo can assemble winning rosters of the kind that delivered the Chiefs back-to-back Super Bowls (with a third still on the cards), but they will have a better chance of ticking all the right boxes if they can surround themselves with the right people.

On that note, the question of team dynamics sits at the heart of The Social Brain: The Psychology of Successful Groups by Tracey Camilleri, Samantha Rockey and Robin Dunbar. The trio has spent decades observing the worlds of academia, business, and government as they look to better understand the workings of high-performing teams.

“We wrote this book because we were fascinated with the question: what is it that makes a group of people more than the sum of their parts?” said Camilleri when addressing the audience at November’s Leaders Sport Performance Summit in London.

“In our world, the unit of identification is most often the individual – if you think about how we hire, how we promote,” she continued. “Very rarely is the focus the team.”

Camilleri and her co-authors redress that balance in The Social Brain and here we explore how leaders can amplify the collective in the pursuit of better decision making.

‘The rocket fuel for performance impact and innovation’

The Social Brain applies theories of evolutionary biology to groups of high performers.

“We’ve been interested in what doesn’t change,” said Camilleri of this lens of enquiry. “When humans are part of small groups they can take advantage of their collective intelligence as well as a sense of safety, reciprocity and shared obligation.”

Camilleri, Rockey and Dunbar devised their ‘Thrive Model’, which sets out six foundational conditions for high-performing teams that consider social health (in addition to physical and mental health) as a prerequisite of wellbeing.

Onstage, Rockey defined these conditions as “the rocket fuel for performance impact and innovation.”

From The Social Brain: The Psychology of Successful Groups by Tracey Camilleri, Samantha Rockey, and Robin Dunbar.

What do the numbers in the circle mean?

As Rockey explained, it is important for leaders to know where to focus their energy most effectively.

“All of us have the same amount of time in a day and we use it differently, but what doesn’t change for each individual in this room is how many relationships that we can have at any given time,” she said. Our brains are only so big, “so we can’t have endless relationships”.

She used Dunbar’s number, which was devised by her co-author in the 1990s, to illustrate her point:

Dunbar’s number has long been influential across several fields, from government and administration to business and academia.

Five, 15 or 150 people? Performance improves when you match team density, size, and space to the task at hand

For decisions made at speed, you’ll count on five people.

Five is the number of intimate relationships a person can have. Rockey said: “These are the relationships that protect us, make us thrive, and ensure that we go through life in a joyful way. They protect us from ill-health and from some of the psychological challenges that we might have from feeling insecure.” They, of course, occur in intimate spaces.

For more complex decisions, you’ll count on 15 people (including your original five).

The ‘pain’ comes when you look to insert new thinking into complex decision making in a group space. “We spend about 60 per cent of our social time with just 15 people,” said Rockey. “With the 15 in the workplace, they would have built long-term relationships and loyalty to you over time – that’s how we work as humans – so breaking up those people to bring in new thinking is painful.”

According to Dunbar, the upper limit on the number of social relationships we can enjoy is 150

Dunbar suggests that people can have no more than 150 social relationships at any one time. “It’s a very stable number across all societies and cultures,” said Rockey.

From The Social Brain: The Psychology of Successful Groups by Tracey Camilleri, Samantha Rockey, and Robin Dunbar.

Camilleri and Rockey wrapped up their presentation by offering nine ‘social hacks’ for building relationships swiftly:

From The Social Brain: The Psychology of Successful Groups by Tracey Camilleri, Samantha Rockey, and Robin Dunbar.

Rockey then homed in on five…

Synchrony: “Sport has done this brilliantly. The perception of pain is reduced when we’re doing something together. When you’re running with a partner it feels less painful.”

Laughing together: “A fantastic way of finding a group”.

Engaging with strangers: “When we have conversations with people we don’t know, it has a positive effect on us – I encourage you to meet people that you don’t know today.”

Giving and receiving kindness: “A New York-based study saw that when young people were able to engage with strangers and be helpful to them, they saw an uptick in their mental health.”

Eating together: “There’s something very magical about breaking bread together. You have about 30 minutes when you’re having food together in which you have a sense of wellbeing and positive vibes towards your dining partners. So if you want to do something difficult, eat with your group first and then go to the difficult meeting.”

The Social Brain: The Psychology of Successful Groups by Tracey Camilleri, Samantha Rockey, and Robin Dunbar is available now from Penguin.

By John Portch

John Longmire stood down as Senior Coach of the Sydney Swans in November – fewer than two weeks after his onstage appearance at the Leaders Sport Performance Summit in London.

Having fashioned a reputation as one of the finest coaches in the league during his 14 seasons in charge, Longmire has taken a new position as the Swans’ Executive Director for Club Performance. He handed the coaching reins to his assistant, Dean Cox, as the club’s succession plan swung into action.

“I couldn’t get rid of the feeling that maybe it’s time,” Longmire told his players in a moving farewell speech. He had first discussed the idea of stepping away with the team’s management 18 months earlier and returned to the topic midway through the 2024 AFL season.

Longmire’s 333^rd and last game in charge turned out to be October’s Grand Final, which Sydney lost to Brisbane. Overall, he took the Swans to four Grand Finals and won one flag, in 2012.

The Swans’ list and performance infrastructure are the envy of most in the league. In fact, few departing coaches ever leave their successor a team in such good shape.

This may have been on Longmire’s mind at the Kia Oval – a ground where, as a 16-year-old back in 1987, he played in an infamous exhibition game for North Melbourne against Carlton.

“It was labelled the ‘Battle of Britain’,” he said while directing Leaders Performance Institute members towards the YouTube highlights. Those that click through can expect a litany of violent fouls.

“It was my first game, and I was absolutely petrified,” he said with a smile.

Longmire then returned to his time as Senior Coach and we’ve picked out four nuggets of wisdom.

1. Don’t become set in your ways

Injury put paid to Longmire’s playing career in 1999 (he won the AFL flag in his final game for North Melbourne) and, three years later, he became an assistant to Sydney’s then Senior Coach, Paul Roos.

Longmire was 31 years old at the time – still young enough to be a contemporary of the players he was now coaching. By 2024, both he and the sport had changed.

“The older we get, the further we get from that age demographic,” he said, “and the more rigid, the more set we can become in our ways and our beliefs – that’s the real danger.”

Longmire consciously moved with the times, but his wisdom would have counted for little if his players did not pay attention. “I know what it takes for a successful organisation to stay competitive,” he continued, “but I am the one that has to bend and move.”

One example was his gradual shift from focusing on the team’s leadership group to spending more time with the younger players. Longmire would watch and listen to them without judgement and, when necessary, “bring them back to where you know high performance teams like to operate.”

2. Find your truthtellers

“The best cultures are the ones that keep moving and adjusting to the ecosystem,” said Longmire, who emphasised the coach’s role in that process.

“I walk amongst our playing group during our warm-ups and that’s a case of sensing the mood, working out who’s talking to who and what they’re talking about.”

He also leaned heavily on his most empathetic players (“those that don’t just walk past your office – they walk in and say: ‘how are you going, coach?’”). The relationships he shared with those players were “ever more valuable” because they were his best eyes and ears in the changing room.

“Make sure you water those relationships because they’re the ones that will keep you in a job.”

3. You’re not bulletproof – don’t try to be

For all his stature as a coach, Longmire was keen to remain “connected and relatable” to his players and staff. As he said onstage in London, “the coach is no longer looked upon as being bulletproof” whatever their standing may be within the game.

His final speech to the players and staff as Senior Coach attested to that belief. He weaved in personal stories and his voice cracked at times. He wiped away tears too.

It called to mind the weekly ‘storytelling’ sessions that Longmire made a key feature of the Swans’ environment. He told the Leaders audience that players and staff share stories or complete a series of tasks for discussion each week. Recent examples included writing ‘a letter to your 16-year-old self’. These sessions are popular with players and staff alike.

“Sometimes it’s a photo of something that mattered to you and quite often there’s tears involved,” he said. “The way I looked upon coaching 25 years ago is completely different now – these 18, 19, 20-year-olds need to be able to relate to you. If you can show that you’re human, you get a lot more back.”

4. Look beyond winning and losing

Winning cannot be everything, even for a proven winner.

“If we measure ourselves on the ultimate success, there’s a lot of years of being unhappy,” said Longmire. A coach must find other factors, such as the personal development of players or staff. He said it is critical to have more in the ‘plus’ column than the ‘negative’.

“Identify, enjoy, and celebrate those moments. And make sure you get joy out of the journey.”

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Flo Laing does not miss a beat in explaining what she’s most excited about heading into 2025.

“It’s got to be the World Cup,” says Scotland women’s Lead Physiotherapist.

The competition will be hosted across the border in England and starts in August. Laing says it has been the Scotland team’s “north star” for several years.

During the course of our conversation – the second of three in this Keiser podcast series – we spoke about her work in women’s rugby at a time where the sport is starting to capture the public’s imagination and performance standards are rising faster than ever for the women players who compete [4:00].

Elsewhere, Laing discusses her leadership style, which is very much about putting people at ease [18:00]; she also talks about the most pressing issues in female athlete health [28:40]; as well as the transferable skills she’s learned from her time working for Sport Scotland [12:30].

Listen above and subscribe today on iTunes, Spotify, Stitcher and Overcast, or your chosen podcast platform.

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Dan Jackson is the General Manager of Player Development & Leadership at the Adelaide Football Club, but he is quick to dispel any notions that he is a guru.

“I can’t teach leadership,” he tells the Leaders Performance Podcast. “I can help unlock what’s already in there.”

On that note, he is certain that leaders are not born. “Leadership is 100 per cent made, but it’s made from a very young age.”

Beyond the origins of leadership, Dan spoke to Henry Breckenridge and John Portch about the importance of prioritising others [10:40]. “Great sustainable teams are built in environments where everyone’s looking to help someone else out,” he adds. “When you fill someone else’s bucket, it fills yours.”

Also on the agenda were the importance of humour and enjoyment [22:00]; the argument against ‘refreezing’ culture [48:30]; and the practical steps that help leaders to manage team operations [32:00].

Henry Breckenridge | LinkedIn

John Portch | LinkedIn

Listen above and subscribe today on iTunes, Spotify, Stitcher and Overcast, or your chosen podcast platform.

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By John Portch

How do you turn your setbacks into springboards?

A rich seam of answers ran through both days of this month’s Leaders Sport Performance Summit at the Kia Oval in London.

We listened to speakers from various sports organisations discuss their responses to setbacks. Teams including Chelsea, Racing 92, Harlequins and the Sydney Swans laid it all on the table. Several explained how they managed to turn things around.

Stephan Lewies, for example, captained a Quins team to victory over Saracens in October; their 17-10 win ending a miserable run of eight consecutive defeats to their Premiership rivals.

“Coming off a record like that,” said the South African lock, “you often look for answers in the wrong place.” Lewies explained that season after season Quins would change their usual approach when facing Saracens. This season they stuck to their guns and it paid off.

“When the pressure came on in this game, [we turned to] something we’d done for the whole season, for years previously, versus something new in the pressured moment.”

Kudos to Quins, but neither they nor anyone in sport has dealt with the difficulty of landing a probe on Mercury or the conundrum of trying to thaw a microscopic strand of ice on the lens of a space telescope 1.5 million km from Earth.

For Carole Mundell, the Director of Science at the European Space Agency [ESA], such stories represent another day at the office. Crisis after celestial crisis is routinely averted on Mundell’s watch by some of the brightest minds in astrophysics.

Of ESA’s triumphant run-in with the intrusive ice, she said: “Data gives you information. Information gives you knowledge. Knowledge only gives you insight and wisdom for action if you really understand what it’s telling you and how to interpret it with your own experience on top of that.”

Mundell feared impostor syndrome when stepping onto the Oval stage but her words instantly resonated with an audience of coaches and practitioners.

They also lead us nicely back to our original question: how do you turn setbacks into springboards? We bring you six interrelated smart tips from across both days of the summit.

1. Find the right skills to help you in a crisis

How does it feel to be under the cosh in your role? What tools do you lack in those moments? Carole Mundell has allowed herself to be shaped both by the crises she’s confronted and the organisation she leads. Instinctively, she’s a creative scientist, a physicist with the urge to investigate independently. Yet her work at ESA requires her to think like an engineer and commit to the team; these newly acquired skills have proven crucial in moments of crisis.

“I’m learning to think like an engineer. All of ESA’s structures and processes and how we operate comes from the mind of an engineer… We have a whole quality assurance system where we set our objectives and we say ‘what will we do?’ ‘What did we say we’d do?’ ‘Did we do what we said?’”

Carole Mundell

2. Seek key allies above you

Racing 92 were treading water in France’s Top 14 league when they appointed Stuart Lancaster as Director of Rugby. Lancaster, whose tenure began in 2023, was hired to transform their fortunes, but faced considerable obstacles. Language was one, culture another; he also knew he’d be working under his predecessor, Laurent Travers. Nevertheless, Lancaster felt that he was “pushing on an open door” thanks to the quality of his coaching work with England (2011-2015) and, in particular, Leinster (2016-2023).

The big question he asked himself was: should he tiptoe in or smash down the door? As Racing’s revival required more than a cosmetic makeover, he opted for the latter. With the help of his French coaching staff, Lancaster introduced a new working week, a new playbook, and called time on Racing’s long lunch culture. He could disregard those who labelled him an ignorant ‘Anglo-Saxon’ thanks to the relationships he forged with Travers and the Racing board.

“I spent a lot of time prior to the players arriving getting [the management] to understand my vision, my philosophy and what I wanted to achieve; not taking away the DNA of Racing and trying to replace it with Leinster, but trying to merge the lessons I’d learned with England, the lessons I’d learned from Leinster, and then bringing that structure and detail to a French environment.”

Stuart Lancaster

3. Who are your key influencers?

The Sydney Swans had to dust themselves off following their 2022 AFL Grand Final defeat. John Longmire, who this week stepped down as the Swans’ Senior Coach, led them back to the Grand Final again this year. Since leaving London, he has handed the reins to his assistant Dean Cox, who will renew the team’s fight for a first flag since 2012. The factors that propel a team one season will not necessarily apply the next, but Cox is sure to emulate Longmire in learning and applying the lessons from another painful defeat. In dealing with setbacks, Longmire always leaned heavily on the key influencers in his “ecosystem”.

“The ecosystem includes your team, the board, the CEO, your fans. Your playing group and staff are a living, breathing organism, the whole thing, and it needs to keep moving and shifting. I’ve got certain long-held beliefs close to my heart, but also within that [have] the flexibility to shift and understand that the best cultures are the ones that keep moving and keep adjusting to the ecosystem. Understand the good influencers in your group, the ones that can help you with that.”

John Longmire

4. Don’t be afraid to let the wrong people walk away

When Chelsea won the Champions League in 2021, the club would not have expected to slump to a 12^th-place finish in the Premier League just two years later. Nor would they have predicted the organisation narrowly avoiding oblivion and a subsequent change of ownership. Bryce Cavanagh was hired as Performance Director in the summer of 2023 and, while he has long been considered one of the best in the business, an arduous task awaited him.

He admitted his presence created a sense of risk and vulnerability in some quarters, but he was fair in setting out his stall. Some relished the challenge of staying to help build a fresh performance strategy (a work in progress, he admitted), but others sought roles elsewhere. Cavanagh was willing to let them go.

“First of all, we talked and defined where we were going, what we wanted, the behaviours that we needed, then the performance strategy. We had to really define where we wanted to go and what we wanted the bus to look like because then people ended up self-selecting.”

Bryce Cavanagh

5. Have the difficult conversations quickly

As captain of Harlequins, Stephan Lewies regularly faces difficult conversations. They are of added importance when the chips are down and tempers are frayed. Time and again, as Lewies explained, he has been able to plot a path out of disharmony by being proactive, acting fast and ultimately putting the team first. A leader should also strive to understand multiple points of view without leaping to conclusions.

“That’s the main goal in any tough conversation: you turn a negative into a positive that we can use going forward… When we [avoid] a tough conversation, the problem just becomes bigger and bigger… walking away from that conversation is the easy option, but stepping into that space is so important.”

Stephan Lewies

6. Prioritise your stress and emotional responses

Success and failure both present psychological and emotional challenges. In 2021, the UK Sports Institute introduced its ‘Performance Decompression’ tool to help athletes and support staff transition back to daily life following intense competition periods. The tool consists of four phases: first there’s the post-event ‘hot debrief’ followed by ‘time zero’, which, as the UKSI website explains, focuses on ‘restorative care in a soothing place’; then it’s ‘process the emotion’ and, finally, a ‘performance debrief’.

The tool can be used anywhere. British 1,500m runner Jake Wightman, for example, chose a sofa in a Twickenham café to unpick his underperformance at the Tokyo Olympics. A year later he was world champion and, while there was much more to it, psychologist Sarah Cecil believes the tool helped Wightman to plot his comeback. She and the UKSI’s Head of Performance Psychology, Danielle Adams Norenburg, are also happy to teach their tool to any individual or organisation who may find it useful.

“By the end of this process, Jake had made sense of the experience, he was able to tell his story about where he was, and he was also able to process all the emotions that surrounded his performance and the lead-up to his performance… I don’t need to tell people in the room that lots of factors contribute to performance… but in the same position, with 300m to go, Jake had what he needed to run fast enough to be world champion.”

Sarah Cecil

By John Portch

“Are you doing what you want to be doing?” David Clancy asked his audience.

Clancy, a learning and development consultant with the Houston Texans and Director at The Nxt Level Group, was speaking at the October launch of his new book Essential Skills for Physiotherapists: a Personal and Professional Development Framework at London’s Tate Modern Gallery.

“Maybe this day will make you think a little bit more into that question,” he continued.

The gallery’s East Room, with its panoramic views of London, is a suitable backdrop for some of the brightest minds in sports science and medicine. Each of them knows there’s more to their success than talent.

“When we’re in college, we’re taught the technical, clinical, hard skills, but it’s the soft skills that make a difference,” said Clancy.

Essential Skills is an effort to address that reality, bringing together as it does experts who, in some cases, had never previously met in order to collaborate. “That’s the beauty of the book because it shows we can all get better together.”

The book’s proceeds will go to Children’s Health Ireland [CHI], a cause dear to Clancy and his family given the care they have provided to his four-year-old daughter Grace. “This way I can help people like my daughter and her friends.”

Clancy then introduced his roster of speakers – friends, collaborators and mentors – all of whom had wisdom to share.

Here, the Leaders Performance Institute picks out five thinking points to help you reflect on Clancy’s original question: are you doing what you want to be doing?

1. Define the behaviours that will take you from potential to peak

First onstage was James Kerr, the author of the renowned Legacy, who detailed the lessons leaders can take from New Zealand’s All Blacks.

He explained that the right behaviours are the real “force multiplier”. Good behaviours, whether you’re an athlete, coach or practitioner, will “take you from potential to peak more consistently”.

For the All Blacks, that may mean ‘sweeping the sheds’ but how does that look in your environment? What will enable you to show up more often and apply the right behaviours?

2. Seek to understand, find common ground

Behaviours shouldn’t be separated from your values, but how comfortable are you calling out poor behaviours? Any discomfort you feel may be amplified if you’re a woman trying to progress in a male-dominated environment.

Alicia Tang, the Head of Academy Medicine & Physical Performance at Derby County, recognises this “internal battle” well enough and believes the first step is to speak to the relevant stakeholders. “Seek to understand, find common ground, and then work on the resolution,” she said during the second session.

This view is shared by business consultant Michelle Carney, who said, “If you meet people where they are, you’ll find the right people”. They will not only be colleagues but allies.

“I think it’s definitely empowering when you have those people around you,” says Ashar Magoba, the Lead Academy Physiotherapist at Charlton Athletic, who is also starting to work with the club’s first team. “Perhaps those people can see something in you that you don’t quite yet see yet.”

3. Take a look over the fence

Where do you look for insights and inspiration? Jack McCaffrey, a six-time All-Ireland Senior Football champion with Dublin GAA, enjoys himself in his day job as a paediatric doctor at CHI at Temple Street in Dublin. “I get to hang out with kids all day; and kids are just great,” he told performance coach Ronan Conway during their fireside chat in session three.

In some ways, McCaffrey’s medical career is a sanctuary from his Gaelic football (particularly following a bad result). One could say the players of the strictly amateur Gaelic games in Ireland have a natural separation between the athlete and person that can often be lost in professional sports.

During his intercounty career, McCaffrey’s work also gave him lessons to take back to the Dublin panel, where the training environment was, to all intents and purposes, a professional setting.

“Most of my learning of dealing with high-pressure situations has come from work,” he said. “How to remain cool, how to have feedback loops, how to make sure you’re sticking to algorithms.”

4. Find the information in your trauma

In sport, we continually speak of ‘controlling the controllables’ and yet 95% of human brain activity is subconscious. It is a troubling thought for life coach Mark Whittle, the Founder of the Take Flight performance consultancy, as he told us during the fourth session.

His presentation returned to the question of behaviours, which he said are governed by both our drive towards pleasure and wish to avoid pain. Tied up in that avoidance of pain is fear, which can be born of trauma.

Consider a setback you’ve suffered: how can you learn from that event and respond appropriately? “What can you make it mean?” Whittle asked the audience.

5. Identify your gaps

It takes humility to recognise what it takes to excel in a new role. In the final session, Jeff Konin and Trevor Bates warn of the Peter Principle. The concept, devised by psychologist Laurence J Peter, states that people tend to be promoted to their ‘level of respective incompetence’. Think of the supreme technician who, upon promotion, finds themselves overwhelmed as a manager tasked for the first time with leading people.

For Konin, the important thing is finding your ‘where’ when looking five or ten years into the future. “What skills do you need that you don’t currently possess?” said the Clinical Professor from Florida International University.

Similarly, Bates may be the President & CEO of Mercy College in Ohio, but he has no problem with being the “pupil”. He said: “I might be the one who moves a programme forward, but intellectually I might be a pupil in that space.”

Essential Skills for Physiotherapists: a Personal and Professional Development Framework is available now from Elsevier.

By John Portch

How concerned are you about burnout, both for yourself and for those whom you lead?

It’s an ever-pertinent question, whether you hear whispers within your corridors or not, and it is always worth checking in with your people.

During October, with this in mind, we returned to a memorable presentation delivered by Holly Ransom, author of The Leading Edge, who spoke at our February Melbourne Sport Performance Summit about ‘energy audits’ that we can all perform.

Speaking of Sport Performance Summits, our next London edition is just around the corner – specifically the 13 and 14 November at London’s Kia Oval.

Speakers include Stuart Lancaster, the Head Coach of the Paris-based Racing 92; John Longmire, the Senior Coach of the AFL’s Sydney Swans; and Anna Warren, the Head of Science & Medicine at the ECB.

It promises to be another cracker but, if you are yet to reserve your place, get in touch with the Leaders Performance Institute today – or at least after you’ve perused October’s Debrief.

This time we posed a series of questions, starting with energy audits, progressing to wellbeing and mental skills, before alighting on learning, performance analysis, and, in a left-field turn, the weather.

What is an ‘energy audit’?

They probably sound grander than they actually are, which is not to diminish their importance.

When Holly Ransom spoke at Melbourne’s Glasshouse in February, she suggested three questions we should all ask ourselves:

1. What are your natural high energy moments?
2. What are your natural low energy moments?
3. How are you currently employing those moments?

Ransom believes people should tackle their most important tasks when their energy is at its highest so that they “get the return on energy they deserve”.

She also explained that leaders set the tone for the organisation. She said: “The most powerful thing that you could actually do for that group of people that you lead is think about how we influence that energy in that moment so we don’t get the contagion of that negative energy running through more of the day or more of the week.”

Do you feel guilty for focusing on your wellbeing?

You probably have felt guilty at some point and you’re not alone.

Emily Downes, the General Manager of Wellbeing & Leadership at High Performance Sport New Zealand, admitted as much onstage at the Glasshouse.

“We all probably struggle with that at one point in time or another,” she said. “Who else do you need to have on your support crew that helps give you that permission?”

Part of the solution is systems and processes that enable people to step away from their desks.

“The challenge around this is: are you asking for it?” said Downes. “Are you communicating to your manager what support looks like for you or what you might need to be at your best?”

She addressed the leaders in the room directly. “Have you set up systems within your environment to enable people to [step away from their desk]?”

In any case, if you get up and go for a walk or a run, what’s the worst that can happen?

How effective is your mental skills work?

The growing focus on wellbeing is matched by an increased emphasis on mental performance, but in an exclusive column Aaron Walsh, a performance coach with the Chiefs and Scotland Rugby, considered whether that emphasis is being translated into effective work.

It became a focus of his recent research, with Walsh speaking to 35 head coaches and heads of performance. The project revealed four major shortcomings:

1. Lack of support from key stakeholders.
2. The work often became siloed.
3. The provider did not understand the demands of the environment.
4. The information presented was often too complex and not relevant to the needs of the athletes.

Most teams don’t know where to begin and there is a clear lack of application.

He discussed the five approaches open to all teams and encouraged all leaders to ask themselves three questions:

1. Does your team currently have a mental performance strategy?
2. What approach best suits your team and meets the mental demands it faces?
3. Are you setting up your providers to be successful and have an impact?

Are you setting your female athletes up to succeed?

The Sport Wales Female Health & Performance Team are working to address some of the major health and performance considerations that affect female athletes from the grassroots to podium potential.

Prominent among their concerns are myths around the menstrual cycle.

“There are still female athletes who see it as a positive if their periods stop when they’re training,” Dr Natalie Brown, a Research Associate at the Welsh Institute of Performance Science, tells the Leaders Performance Institute on Teams.

“This is because it’s easier and more convenient; they’ve not got to deal with the symptoms or the bleeding.”

Yet the impact on their short and long term health, let alone performance, could be significant. “It’s an indicator that they do not have enough energy for those basic bodily functions.”

However, as Brown said, “even in just focusing on the menstrual cycle you’re ignoring the bigger picture around women’s experiences of sport and how the system that we’ve designed doesn’t enable women to thrive in sport because they’re trying to thrive in a male system.”

More available here.

What are your greatest challenges with performance analysis?

Reliability and efficiency are likely to feature prominently, as they did in this recent virtual roundtable for Leaders Performance Institute members, but have you considered your job descriptions? Do they adequately set out what your organisation requires, both in terms of filling gaps in skillsets and finding seamless integration.

Dr John Francis of the University of Worcester and Dr Denise Martin from Atlantic Technological University in Ireland have conducted research into this space. During the roundtable discussion, they set out recommendations for both organisations and applicants across four areas:

1. Employer familiarity information

Organisation: outline values and goals, provide infrastructure, staffing and philosophy.

Applicant: understand the organisation’s goals and how to contribute.

2. Description of job-related tasks & personal specification

Organisation: list job-specific tasks and required skills; list specific academic or coaching knowledge and software competencies; emphasise evidence-informed processes and the need to understand feedback and learning strategies.

Applicant: gain clarity on role tasks and responsibilities; highlight relevant experiences in application and determine their fit. Identify areas for personal and professional growth.

3. Salary & renumeration

Organisation: clearly present salary bands and rewards.

Applicant: assess job value and potential rewards.

4. Opportunity for advancement

Organisation: detail career progression and CPD activities.

Applicant: make informed decisions about career path within the organisation; consider your long-term aspirations.

Ensuring value capture in applied performance analysis

Martin and her colleagues have conducted research into value capture in performance analysis and alighted on three key questions:

What? Organisational capability to generate, curate and translate data to c0-create knowledge and insight.

How? Skills and contextual intelligence allow practitioners to embed effectively in the performance ecosystem.

Why? These lead to what Martin calls the ‘lightbulb moments’ – where value is added to decision-making processes and contributes to performance.

Additional reporting by Luke Whitworth.

Is yours a good learning organisation?

Lucy Pearson, the Director of FA Education, believes that learning is too important to take seriously.

“As a society, we make a distinction between work and play,” she told an audience at the Kia Oval during the last Leaders Sport Performance Summit. “Work is grown up, it’s serious, it’s important; and play is seen in the adult world as childish, frivolous, a bit inessential, a luxury. But play is the creative process through which we learn.”

This comes with a caveat. “People can be playful at work, yes, but we need to be thoughtful about what we’re looking to achieve in those learning opportunities. Design is deliberate – not accidental – if you want to drive high performance.”

As such, FA Education is on a “journey to design, develop and deliver learning, across a number of different modes, to a range of people who’ve all got different tasks, concerns and priorities.”

Pearson is mindful, however, that people can’t be compelled to learn. “Learning is up to the learner,” she said. “All we can do is create the circumstance in which the learning has the best opportunity to happen.” She likened it to classes at school that we either liked or didn’t like. “The teachers all may have put the same amount of effort in, but it was the all-round environment that you found yourself in, the person leading it, the text that somebody chose – it all needed to be thought-through on your behalf.”

Final thought: how important is the weather in pre-season?

The popularity of warm weather camps, particularly in the depths of winter, is universal, but what about during pre-season?

Tom Cleverley, the Head Coach of Championship Watford, was intent on taking his team to St George’s Park in Staffordshire in July rather than copying his rivals in going abroad.

“You can guarantee that the weather isn’t going to impact training loads,” he told the Leaders Performance Institute. “Sometimes you can go to Spain, Portugal and it’s too hot to get the intensities that you want.”

Cleverley was echoed by Tony Strudwick, the Director of Medical at West Bromwich Albion and by Neil Thompson, the Assistant Manager Sheffield Wednesday. Much like Watford, Albion and Wednesday both visited SGP in July to get that desired balance of suitable weather and a refreshing change of surroundings.

If you live and work in a temperate zone or even somewhere altogether more sunny, is it something you’ve considered?

By David Clancy & Michael Davison

“None of us is as smart as all of us.”

Ken Blanchard, business consultant

A story of interdisciplinarity

Let’s start with Jack Draper.

Imagine Draper, who is the currently the No 1 British men’s tennis player (currently ranked 20th on the ATP Tour) seeking that extra edge to stay at the top. His success isn’t just the result of raw talent or relentless training. Behind the scenes, he has a backroom team seemingly working in support of him – a nutritionist optimising food intake and hydration, a sports psychologist fine-tuning performance under pressure, a physiotherapist managing recovery, and a strength coach – pushing physical limits. Each expert has mastery, but what sets this team apart is how they interact and click.

To reach this point, Draper’s coach, James Trotman, didn’t just talk tennis strategy. He collaborated with Draper’s physiotherapist to adapt his game around his body’s capabilities. The psychologist worked closely with the strength coach to ensure mental resilience matched Draper’s physical preparation. Let’s not forget that the player himself was at the centre of this interdisciplinary team, which like most sports is player-focused. Each discipline flowed into the other, creating a holistic approach that made Draper not just a better tennis player, but a stronger, more balanced athlete.

The secret to his rising dominance wasn’t just in individual expertise, it was in the ‘interdisciplinary’ synergy that allowed his team to anticipate challenges, innovate, and help him evolve in a way no single expert could have achieved alone. This ‘collective intelligence’, and high-level teamwork, propelled him to achieve even greater heights, proving that in today’s complex world, true success is a team effort built on the integration of diverse applied knowledge and experience.

So, what is interdisciplinarity and how is it different?

Interdisciplinarity is the fusion of knowledge from multiple fields to tackle complex problems that no single discipline can solve on its own. This differs to a multidisciplinary or transdisciplinary model; the former is when experts from different disciplines work in parallel on a common problem, but each remains within their own disciplinary boundaries. The latter relates to the integration of academic disciplines by involving stakeholders outside of traditional academia (e.g., community members, policymakers) to co-create new knowledge and solutions.

All approaches seek to leverage multiple perspectives and areas of expertise to solve complex problems, but they differ in how deeply the knowledge is integrated and in the level of collaboration. Multidisciplinary maintains strict disciplinary boundaries, interdisciplinary integrates them, while transdisciplinary dissolves these boundaries completely. Multidisciplinary focuses on parallel efforts, interdisciplinary on integrated collaboration among academic disciplines, and transdisciplinary on forming external stakeholder engagement. Multidisciplinary brings together separate expertise, interdisciplinary synthesises it, and transdisciplinary creates frameworks that include non-academic insights, in a nutshell.

Back to interdisciplinarity

In a world where challenges are increasingly multifaceted – spanning biology, psychology, sociology, technology and beyond – interdisciplinary approaches are critical to innovation, creativity and progress. Research shows that teams combining diverse expertise produce more inspired and robust solutions, with improved and more accurate group thinking (Rock & Grant, 2016), leveraging what’s known as collective intelligence. This approach fosters interactional expertise, where individuals, though not specialists in all fields, become adept at understanding and integrating knowledge across domains, enhancing the team’s ability to solve problems from multiple perspectives. This is cross-functional working at its best.

Studies in cognitive science and organisational behaviour confirm that interdisciplinary teams outperform homogeneous ones in problem-solving, originality, and adaptability. By blending insights from different scientific traditions, interdisciplinarity accelerates breakthroughs that shape our future in high performance sport.

The Expert Compass

Visualise a group of elite performers – whether it’s a special operations military unit or an executive leadership team at a multinational – coming together to tackle a complex challenge.

What sets these teams apart from the rest? It’s not just that they each possess individual expertise, it’s that they know how to navigate their combined expertise with precision and ownership. Enter the Expert Compass, a mental map that allows high-performing teams to leverage the unique knowledge of each member while orienting toward a shared, clearly aligned goal.

In an interdisciplinary team, the compass acts as a guide, ensuring that no single expertise is overvalued or sidelined. Instead, the team becomes adept at knowing not just what expertise is needed, but when and how to use it effectively. They know who to turn to for specific knowledge, and more importantly, they understand how to integrate that knowledge seamlessly into the problem-solving or decision-making process.

This is where the power of interdisciplinarity reveals itself. Instead of working in silos, where experts are isolated in their own domains, the team leverages their diverse knowledge bases to create solutions that are more progressive, rigorous, and resilient. It’s a fluid process, navigating complex terrain with the agility of a compass, constantly adjusting and recalibrating based on the input from different fields.

Interactional expertise

But it’s not enough to just assemble a group of experts and hope they collaborate. The secret sauce of interdisciplinary success is interactional expertise: the ability of team members to understand and communicate across disciplines, even if they aren’t trained specialists in those areas.

This form of expertise allows a neuroscientist to engage meaningfully with a software engineer, or a physiotherapist to collaborate with a performance analyst, even if they don’t have deep technical knowledge in each other’s fields. They’ve developed enough fluency in the language, messaging and logic of the other disciplines to ask the right questions, contribute valuable insights, and understand the broader implications of their colleagues’ expertise.

Interactional expertise is what prevents interdisciplinary teams from becoming chaotic, disjointed or fragmented. It creates the connective fascia that holds different domains together, that interwoven fabric of performance, and allows them to produce something greater than the sum of their parts.

Collective intelligence

When interactional expertise is present, a team taps into a powerful phenomenon – this is known as collective intelligence. This is the magic of interdisciplinarity done well. When the team becomes smarter than any individual could be on their own. They think, adapt, and solve problems with a kind of emergent intelligence that draws from the diverse perspectives and knowledge sets within the group.

Collective intelligence doesn’t happen automatically. It’s the product of deliberate design, creating environments where knowledge flows freely, trust and psychological safety is high (Reynolds & Lewis, 2017), and each expert is empowered to contribute. It thrives on a sharing environment and culture, but also articulated shared goals. It relies on individuals having the humility to know the limits of their own expertise, and the curiosity to learn from others by sharing and challenging one another with questions like ‘Why are we doing this?’ and ‘Is there a better way?’.

The secret to success (and why others fail)

So why do some teams excel at interdisciplinarity while other teams flounder? The secret lies in the ability to manage both ego and ego-less collaboration. High-performing interdisciplinary teams have members who are confident in their own expertise but are humble enough to acknowledge when they need input from others…that they do not have all the answers. They’ve mastered the balance of asserting their knowledge without overstepping their lane.

On the other hand, teams that fail at interdisciplinarity often do so because of misaligned priorities or a failure to establish clear lines of open communication. Experts can become territorial, clinging to their domain and shutting out contributions from others. Or, in the absence of interactional expertise, conversations become broken, with different disciplines speaking past each other instead of to each other.

The best teams recognise that interdisciplinarity isn’t just about bringing together experts. It’s about building bridges between those experts and creating a culture where learning from one another is just as important as showcasing your own knowledge.

Acquiring interactional expertise

Developing interactional expertise requires intentional effort and a willingness to engage.

Here are a few keys to acquiring it:

1. Curiosity over mastery: You don’t need to become an expert in every discipline, but you do need to cultivate a deep curiosity about other fields. Ask questions that help you understand the thought processes, principles, and constraints that guide your colleagues’ work.
2. Cognitive empathy: Try to see problems from the perspective of other disciplines. This requires cognitive empathy…the ability to imagine how a colleague might approach a situation based on their own expertise and experience.
3. Structured learning: Make it a priority to attend cross-functional training sessions, workshops, or informal discussions that expose you to the vocabulary and frameworks of other fields. Teams that succeed often set aside time for interdisciplinary learning, so that each member can expand their interactional knowledge.
4. Reflective practice: After interdisciplinary collaborations, take time to reflect on what you’ve learned about the other disciplines involved. What assumptions did you have going in? What surprised you? What connections did you see between fields that you hadn’t noticed before?

The role of leadership and processes

The leverage in interdisciplinary teams lies in both the individual leader and the processes they put in place. Leaders play a critical role in setting the tone for collaboration, fostering psychological safety, and modelling interactional expertise. Great leaders make a point of being learners themselves. They actively engage with other disciplines and encourage their team members to do the same.

But leadership isn’t enough on its own. There must be systems and incentives in place to support interdisciplinarity. This includes structured opportunities for cross-functional work, regular knowledge-sharing sessions, and mechanisms to ensure that all voices are heard. High-performing teams often use formal frameworks like design thinking, agile methodology, or interdisciplinary reviews to ensure that expertise is integrated, not isolated in silos.

Leadership plays a pivotal role in fostering diverse perspectives that lead to innovative problem-solving and knowledge creation. However, the benefits of the diversity are maximised when coordination is effective, particularly in environments with low task uncertainty (Fang He., et al. 2021).

In short, leadership provides the vision, mission and the encouragement, while systems, processes and team behaviours ensure that the objective is realised in a sustainable and scalable way.

Actions

In the world of sports, athletes often have a team of private practitioners – physiotherapists, nutritionists, psychologists – who work closely with them. When these practitioners interact with a broader team, especially in high-performance settings, the principles of interdisciplinarity become even more important.

The key is to establish a collaborative ecosystem where information flows freely, and each practitioner is seen as an integral part of the athlete’s overall performance.

This requires…

1. Open lines of communication: Practitioners should regularly communicate with each other to ensure they are aligned on goals and treatments. It’s not enough to work in parallel; there needs to be an intentional sharing of knowledge, progress, and challenges.
2. Respect for expertise: Each practitioner brings a unique perspective to the table, and the best teams recognise the value of this diversity. Collaboration works best when each professional is trusted to contribute their expertise, without others overstepping into areas they are not qualified to address.
3. Holistic understanding of the athlete: Successful teams take a holistic view of the athlete, understanding that no single treatment or approach operates in isolation. Physical training affects mental performance, and nutrition impacts recovery. The practitioners must view their roles as part of an integrated system designed to optimise the athlete’s overall wellbeing and performance. Let’s also mention the power of the athlete’s voice in this respect, as they are the CEO in these affairs so it’s critical their points are heard.

Conclusion

Interdisciplinarity in high-performing teams is about more than just assembling experts; it’s about creating an environment where diverse knowledge can flow, interact, and coalesce into something far greater than the sum of its parts. By cultivating interactional expertise, leveraging collective intelligence, and fostering a culture of trust and humility, teams can unlock the true potential of their combined expertise.

And in fields like sports, where collaboration between the team behind the team and broader teams is critical, the principles of interdisciplinarity can be the difference between good performance and greatness. As Matthew Syed, author of ‘Rebel Ideas: The Power of Diverse Thinking’ said, ‘collective intelligence emerges not just from the knowledge of individuals, but also from the differences between them’. 

David Clancy is a Learning and Development Consultant at the Houston Texans and Director at The Nxt Level Group. He is also the Editor of Essential Skills for Physiotherapists: A Personal and Professional Development Framework, which is available now from Elsevier.

Michael Davison is an International Sports Performance Consultant at the Houston Texans and Director at The Nxt Level Group and Board Member of the Football Research Group.

If you would like to speak to David and Michael, please contact a member of the Leaders Performance Institute team.

References

Fang He, V., Krogh, G., and Siren, C. (2021). Expertise Diversity, Informal Leadership Hierarchy, and Team Knowledge Creation: A study of pharmaceutical research collaborations. Volume 43 (6). European Group for Organisational Studies.

Reynolds, A. & Lewis, D. (2017). Teams Solve Problems Faster When They’re More Cognitively Diverse in Collaboration and Teams. Harvard Business Review.

Rock, D. & Grant, H. (2016). Why Diverse Teams Are Smarter in Diversity and Inclusion. Harvard Business Review.

Acknowledgements

Special kudos to Carl Gombrich of the London Interdisciplinary School, who spoke at the 2022 Leaders Sport Performance Summit in London. One of the school’s courses, titled ‘Cross-Functional Leadership’, was very insightful. This article has been influenced by that programme, as well as research on the Expert Compass, requisite knowledge and expertise from Tim Davey and Amelia Peterson.

Gombrich also contributed a chapter to Essential Skills for Physiotherapists: A Personal and Professional Development Framework by Clancy, et al. (2024), about interdisciplinarity and soft skills.

By John Portch

Women’s football is not the right environment for some coaches and practitioners, particularly expansion franchises.

That is the view of Lucy Rushton, the former General Manager of NWSL expansion team Bay FC.

“Of the people I know working in male football, 95 per cent probably would never consider coming to the women’s game,” she told an audience at June’s Leaders Sport Performance Summit at Red Bull in Santa Monica. “And, to be honest, they probably wouldn’t be right for the women’s game either. I’ll say that. I think the person that you’re looking for, especially in expansion, is someone who’s willing to challenge themselves, willing to go outside the box.”

Bay represented Rushton’s first role in women’s football. She built her reputation in the men’s game in a series of scouting and analysis roles at the Football Association, Watford and Reading. In 2016, she left her English homeland to join Atlanta United as Head of Technical Recruitment & Analysis. The team won the MLS Cup two years later. Between 2021 and 2022, she served as DC United’s first female GM.

Back at Bay, the team were finding their feet following a tricky start to their inaugural season when Rushton unexpectedly resigned in late-June. Her departure shocked observers, but her achievements during the year she spent in southern California were considerable.

It is an exciting time for the club, who attract average crowds of nearly 15,000 to a stadium that is not their own. They speak enthusiastically of planning a new practice facility and stadium. Crucially, the ownership group have the means and the will to make it all happen.

But beyond supportive owners and astute marketing initiatives, what does it take to get a new team off the ground? The Leaders Performance Institute explores four factors put forward by Rushton.

1. A vision that informs your culture

Bay want to be the best team in the world and renowned for their people-first approach. They plan to get there by adhering to their B-A-Y values (Brave, Accountable, and You). Rushton explained each in turn:

• Brave: “being bold in the industry, pushing boundaries and innovating”.
• Accountable: people “being responsible for their actions and being willing to push themselves forward”.
• You: this stems from Bay’s desire to “celebrate each other as individuals so you can bring your true, authentic self to work every day”.

2. Finding the right personalities

Rushton believes it takes a particular type of personality to thrive in an expansion environment. “You have to have someone that’s more risk-OK,” she said. “To bet on themselves to go ‘I can go there and make a difference.” Her appointment of Head Coach Albertin Montoya showed that they can be male. “A lot of males would find it refreshing to come to a female team because it’s a different environment, with a totally different feeling, vibe, boundaries, rules.”

It is crucial, however, that you hire for diversity of background and experience despite the inherent challenges. “It’s much easier to sit in a room with people who are like you,” said Rushton. “It brings added work because you’re taking yourself outside your comfort zone – you have to be willing to do that.”

3. Elevate player care and support

Rushton explained that while male players tend to consider the bottom line above all else, female players are compelled to prioritise their living conditions. It led her and Bay to use all available mechanisms – housing, support staff, medical care – to tempt players to this corner of southern California. “How are we on a day-to-day basis trying to help them a) be in the best position they can be for the longest possible; and b) live a nice lifestyle out of football?”

It has given Bay considerable pulling power beyond the US. Three ceiling-raisers arrived in the form of Barcelona’s Asisat Oshoala, Madrid CFF’s Rachael Kundananji, and Arsenal’s Jen Beattie. Others are sure to follow.

4. Managing challenges and setbacks

Bay have had their fair share of challenges in year one, but the club has not been fazed. They went as far as dropping a player over a disciplinary issue on one occasion. It likely cost them the game, but the senior leadership believed that team values were more important. “It’s in those difficult moments that you set the culture,” said Rushton. “It showed our players and our staff what’s acceptable and what’s not.”

By John Portch

Gregg Popovich confounds contemporary thinking on how a leader should conduct themselves in modern-day elite sport.

The San Antonio Spurs’ Head Coach, a graduate of the US Air Force Academy, is known as an disciplinarian; and he might also be regarded as an anachronism were it not for the fact that he is revered for creating – and sustaining – one of the most harmonious cultures in elite sport.

Some might say Coach Pop’s gruff demeanour and willingness to yell at players would be sub-optimal in any other environment, especially with a roster full of Gen Z players, but his focus on the people and the environment afford him all the leeway he needs to express himself at the Spurs.

Coach Pop, the alchemist

Popovich, having served as an assistant coach at the Spurs between 1988 and 1992, returned to San Antonio as Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations and General Manager in 1994. He added the head coaching role early in the 1996-7 NBA season

He would in time relinquish his other responsibilities but there was no guarantee that Popovich could make a successful step out of the front office, particularly as his coaching resume amounted to little at that stage.

“He said, ‘hey, I want to do this and I probably have one crack at it’,” said Phil Cullen, the Spurs’ Senior Director of Organizational Development & Basketball Operations. Cullen did not join the Spurs until 2016, but this story, like so many featuring Popovich, has long since entered Spurs folklore.

“Pop said, ‘I want to do this and I want to do this with the people I want to be around’.”

This desire shaped the Spurs’ famous ‘pound the rock’ ethos, with its emphasis on persistence, patience and resilience. It helped to create an environment where a previously inconspicuous franchise could claim five NBA Championships between 1999 and 2014.

Cullen, speaking at the Leaders Sport Performance Summit at Melbourne’s Glasshouse in February, talked at length about the Spurs’ culture, which has been emulated across the globe, albeit with varying degrees of success.

Look a little closer at those other teams and it seems that some have been seduced by ‘pound the rock’ without paying full attention to San Antonio’s unique alchemy.

Not a Spur?

Good people are very important to San Antonio. As Cullen explained, their scouting template includes a check box labelled ‘Not a Spur’. It is a short-hand way of saying that a player lacks some of the team’s character-based values such as integrity, accountability or humility. “It’s very difficult to uncheck that box,” added Cullen. “We have to understand that when we do that there’s a reason why.” They do not always get it right, as he admitted, but their success rate is admirable.

All the same, many teams in the NBA and beyond, have adopted a similar approach, so there must be more to the Spurs success story than any notions of character.

Popovich himself is certainly a major factor, particularly at a time when the Spurs have the NBA’s youngest roster, with an average age of 23.52.

“Right now, we’re probably a coach-led team because of the youthfulness of the roster,” said Cullen. “Ideally, you’d have players that are actually holding each other accountable.” That is the end-game but, in the meantime, “the coach is having to manage the game, not coach the game – there’s a big difference.”

So coachable players are important, as is the coach; there are also key environmental factors at play.

Community, casual collisions and fine dining

The primary environmental factor is food. Cullen shared an image of the cafeteria at the Spurs’ new $72 million Victory Capital Performance Center practice facility, which opened in 2023. “This is the most important room in the building,” he said.

Popovich places a premium on team meals; the players’ families are regularly invited to eat with the team and staff . Cullen said: “There is nothing better than sitting across the table from somebody else from a different culture, with a different set of experiences, and just being able to share a meal together. Food and drink is very important to us.”

Mealtimes, they believe, help to develop mutual empathy and promote selflessness. “This job is hard and if it’s going to be all about you, you’re probably not going to reach your max potential,” said Cullen. “We want to be part of something bigger than ourselves – it can’t just be about you.”

Cullen played a significant role in the design of the facility and was influenced by Popovich’s words of advice when the project was green-lighted. “He goes: ‘I’ve got two things for you: protect the culture and protect the people’.” It confirmed Cullen’s belief in human-centred design. “I may never have the conversation directly with the player, but what we can do is design the space so that Coach can have that conversation with that player,” he said, explaining that players spend more time at the new practice facility than they did at the old one. “It’s shocking as you’ll go in there today and the players will be sitting there next to an equipment manager, next to the travel guide, next to your lead physio; and they’re just hanging out.”

Life beyond basketball

Beyond mealtimes, Popovich promotes a wide range of extracurricular learning opportunities. Cullen recounted the time ahead of a road game at the Washington Wizards in 2018 when Popovich took the team to the US Supreme Court. There are numerous examples on his watch of similar site visits and non-basketball focused discussions, with topics ranging from US federal law and international politics to same-sex marriage and social justice.

Again, these are issues far bigger than the individual or the sport of basketball. “It’s so easy to be insulated when you’re a professional athlete,” said RC Buford, the former San Antonio General Manager (2002-2019) and current CEO, in Dan Coyle’s 2018 book The Culture Code. “Pop uses these moments to connect us. He loves that we come from so many different places. That could pull us apart, but he makes sure that everybody feels connected and engaged to something bigger.”

Coyle also explained that Popovich relies on three types of belonging cue and ‘toggles’ between each in an effort to say ‘this is a safe place to give effort’. Those cues involve:

1. Personal and up close connections: in practice and in warm-ups, Popovich will rove and get almost nose to nose with a player or coach. Such moments, as Coyle wrote, translate as ‘I care about you’.
2. Performance feedback: Popovich will offer a continuous stream of feedback from ‘the middle distance’ in both practice and games. This translates as ‘We have high standards here.’
3. The big-picture perspective: as Coyle put it, ‘Life is bigger than basketball’. The team meals, coffee conversations and history lessons are testament to the Spurs’ belief in this approach.

It led to Coyle conclude: ‘Popovich’s yelling works, in part, because it is not just yelling. It is delivered along with a suite of other cues that affirm and strengthen the fabric of the relationships [at the Spurs].’

Consider this the next time you see Popovich raise his voice.