By Iain Brunnschweiler

A football manager on the side of the pitch, volleys the water bottles and screams in disbelief as one of his players makes a passing error on the field.

It’s a scene we have all witnessed time and time again. The crowd get to see how passionate the manager is, how much they care about the team’s performance and how much this error hurts them personally. But as an executive sitting in the stands, paying the manager a huge salary, I would be asking myself just how effective they are being at their job in that moment?

In psychological terms, unless this display of anger is some form of ‘DiCaprio-esque’ acting skills from the manager in question, it means that they are emotionally deregulated. And when any human is emotionally deregulated, psychologists tell us that their ability to perform a number of high level tasks (such as taking in information and strategic decision-making) is massively impacted in a negative way.

Having stepped out of full-time work and into a world of consultancy, supporting a number of different organisations, it has given me time to reflect on my true beliefs, and aspects of performance development that I hold as truths.

One area that I keep circling back to, is the power of self-regulation.

Desirable adult behaviours

My observations of the best staff I have operated with is that they have worked out ways in which to self-regulate in the most pressurised moments. Now, this self-regulation takes numerous different forms based on the individual in question, but it is grounded in the fact that everyone needs personal strategies to stop themselves from essentially turning into a spoiled child when the going gets tough!

I have been extremely lucky to have worked alongside some of the industry’s top performance psychologists over the past two-and-a-half decades, both as a player and as a member of staff. My major learning from these leading members of the fraternity, is that they unlock introspection and retrospection in the people they are working with, in order to help the individual understand their own ‘personal best state’ to operate in. Then they help them work out their derailers, and identify when these derailers are likely to occur, in order to develop strategies to minimise the negative impact. It sounds simple! However, in reality this is a live process that can take years.

In youth development, one of my observations, present in football more than any of the other sports I have worked in, is that coaches can demonstrate levels of deregulation which are seemingly totally disproportionate to the age group of athlete they are working with. I have seen coaches of U9 teams screaming at 15-year-old trainee referees because they are certain that the ball went out. I’ve seen opposition coaching staff of U14 teams nearly coming to blows on the side of the pitch because the game is not going the way they envisaged it going. In the cold light of day, if you were to show these adults footage of themselves, especially alongside a GIF of a screaming child, their embarrassment levels would be high I have no doubt. In these cases, more work is needed in order to help them effectively self-regulate. Because, in my opinion, behaviour like this is letting down the children in their care. The role of a youth coach is to not only help the kids to learn the game, but also to be a role model of desirable adult behaviours.

Another observation is that it is not just the game itself that causes a non-desirable state in adult members of staff. I have seen many coaches lose sight of what is really at the heart of coaching – in my opinion this is genuinely attending to the children/people within your care in order to help facilitate their development in a skilful manner.

One of the reasons this occurs is the current audit-driven, process-oriented world in which we live. Coaches behave in insecure ways, sometimes unable to attend to the players in front of them because they are so nervous about what their boss thinks, or what is written down on their ‘curriculum’! As a wise man once said to me, the players ARE the curriculum. The thought that a bunch of middle-aged folk in tracksuits, can predefine the development needs of an entire squad every day of the year, by writing down a development curriculum before the season starts is once again, misguided at best.

The heart of coaching: guard rails, not train tracks

The best coaches (and I use that term in the broadest sense to include multiple ologies) I have worked with, are the ones who prioritise human interactions above all else. These elite practitioners are aware of the organisational documents, and will create environments that are guided by club principles, yet at the heart of their decision making is the child or adult in front of them at that moment. I heard a great analogy once, that development environments should have guard rails, rather than train tracks.

My interpretation of this is that it is really helpful to have broad principles and guidance (‘the way we do things around here’), but that it is genuinely unhelpful to have prescribed sessions that staff are forced to deliver. This normally just serves to deregulate or demotivate – two states that are certainly NOT optimal for performance development.

For those in charge of delivering performance and/or development environments, it would be worth considering the behaviours you are seeing from your staff teams. Are they operating in a manner which indicates that they feel psychologically safe enough to be themselves, within the broad principles of the organisation? Or are they nervously hoping that they are adhering to their boss, curriculum or audit’s demands, whilst compromising the athletes within they care?

When you’re reflecting on your own personal optimal performance state, it’s useful to consider what your derailers are, and what your strategies are. I am certainly NOT suggesting that we should not be passionate, and should not show that we care. But hopefully we can see fewer water bottles being volleyed, and fewer 15-year-old trainee referees being shouted at by the people who are supposed to be role models. I know that most athletes would prefer this.

Questions for the reader:

• What derails you?
• How do you know when you’ve been derailed, and what/who can help you regulate yourself?
• What are the potential negatives of operating in a deregulated state, whether this is in business, sport or any other environment?

Iain Brunnschweiler runs the Focus Performance Consultancy. He is a former professional cricketer, has authored two published books, and most recently was the Head of Technical Development at Southampton Football Club.

By Luke Whitworth

For the latest edition of our Leadership Skills Series, we delved into the skill of analytical thinking.

Most people in high performance sport are operating in a volatile and complex landscape, so as part of this session, we explored common errors we make in our thinking and why, strategies for improving the quality of our analytical thinking, and identify opportunities to use more analytical thinking in our environments.

Before we delve into some of the detailed content and ideations, what do we mean by analytical thinking? Here is one definition: ‘It is our ability to collect information, analyse it and use those insights to solve problems and make decisions’.

System one & two thinking

To kick off the session, we leaned into the work of Nobel Prize winner (in Economic Sciences) Daniel Kahneman in his 2011 book Thinking, Fast and Slow.

Kahneman suggests that there are two types of analytical thinking. The first is the ‘fast thinking system’ or ‘system one thinking’ where our brains come up with automatic answers to things without a conscious effort. This mode of thinking is both efficient and effective in domains where we have deep expertise of experience. There are downsides, however. These lines of thinking are influenced by emotions and affected by biases which can lead to highly predictable mistakes. As humans we make a lot of errors in our thinking, but often those errors are predictable and it quickly becomes a case of how do we prevent these from happening again, or what to look out for.

To summarise system one thinking – it is automatic, intuitive, influenced by emotions and affected by biases; and so we can make predictable mistakes.

How does System two thinking differ from one? Kahneman defines this as the slow reasoning system which requires more effort and deliberation. We have a higher level of intention to stop and move into a space of deliberate thinking, it isn’t a case of the thinking just popping into your head, it takes energy and tends to be more complex. Analytical thinking is more aligned to system two thinking. There are downsides to this as well – it uses a lot of energy so there can be a tendency to delegate to system one.

To summarise system two thinking – it is effortful, deliberate, requires complex computation, it controls urges but can make you experience laziness and over-trusting system one.

Common errors in our thinking

As part of the session, we explored eight common errors that can affect thinking in our environments. It’s important to be aware of these as they will influence your ability to think analytically.

The first error is the law of small numbers. This error refers to the idea that we can get sucked into drawing conclusions using limited information – making small sample sizes to find a pattern when we shouldn’t. This is a good example of what Kahneman aligns system one thinking to.

The second error is confirmation bias. Often people pay attention to and seek evidence to support existing beliefs. This error is one of the most important to think about as our brain is setup to look for evidence to support the assumptions we already have and doesn’t look out for or seek counter evidence.

The third error is operating from an out-of-date mental map of the world. It’s quite a wordy one but it factors in the idea that we continue to keep acting as if the world we understand is still the same without challenging it. In high performance sport this can be a dangerous error in thinking, such is the fast-paced nature of the landscape.

The fourth error is unconscious bias about people and their potential. It is often perceived as black and white or either positive or negative. There are two other types of bias – projection and affinity. In considering unconscious bias, we often hear talk about negative bias, but not as much about the ‘halo effect’ which is where you recognise a characteristic you have seen before in high performance and you expect it to show up again. Projection bias incorrectly judges someone’s potential on the basis of current skills. Finally, affinity bias looks for the same qualities we have seen before. Arguably, this is one of the most common and well-known set of thinking errors.

Loss aversion is another error we see in thinking. It is where the fear of loss or losses is stronger than the desire for gains. There is a lot of research and evidence that suggests that humans will put more effort in avoiding a loss than getting a gain – the gain is undervalued.

The sixth error is status quo bias. This is the preference in maintaining assurance of current approaches and having an opposition to change. This is a dangerous game to be playing.

The penultimate thinking error as part of this section is the ‘bandwagon effect’. This line of thinking is a pull in wanting to adopt an approach because everyone else is doing it – the idea of conforming to thinking in a group and we will do what others do. This is a downside to analytical thinking. The real question we should be evaluating is whether there is evidence that what someone else is doing will work for us. Contexts are unique.

Finally, attribution error. This is defined by overestimating the impact of personality, character and underestimating the impact of the environment on behaviour. It’s very common that people can struggle in certain environments but thrive in others.

Improving analytical thinking

We’ve highlighted common errors in thinking, so how can we shift the dial and improve our ability to be more analytical? Before we explore some specific strategies, we discussed four tips to consider as part of this process:

1. Save your critical thinking for things that really matter.
2. Do it when your mind is fresh to avoid decision fatigue.
3. Leave emotions in check.
4. Invite challenge from others. We can spot errors in other people’s thinking much easier than we can spot our own.

What about strategies for improving the quality of our analytical thinking?

When thinking about your role as a leader or collectively how you operate as a team, the below are a set of strategies that can support analytical thinking in a positive way, in a number of different contexts.

The first strategy is ‘STOP moments’. Stand back, Take stock, Options, Proceed. It is also known as hot-debriefing during events and something that can be done in the moment. When thinking about ‘stand back’, this is taking more of a helicopter view of a situation or problem. ‘Take stock’ is the acquisition of data and analysing what is happening around that. ‘Options’ is as it sounds. Exploring options around what you can do differently. Finally ‘proceed’ is stepping back into the moment, taking action and assessing what impact your new approach has.

Debriefing. We would hope that many of us are already doing this to support their analytical thinking.

Another strategy is holding ideation sessions, also known as front foot innovation. There are traditionally two types of innovation: response which is where change needs to be imposed and proactive, which is much more disruptive and intentional in how to be innovative.

Improving cognitive diversity is another important strategy for analytical thinking. Seek out different perspectives, as so often we get multiple people with the same expertise approaching problems and questions.

Have you considered the idea of perspective shifting? This strategy looks at a situation from someone else’s perspective, putting yourself in their shoes, if you will. Often you will find that we look at problems and questions from our own contexts, which dovetails the thinking error of status quo bias.

Perspective taking underpins Edward de Bono’s main argument in his renowned 1985 book Six Thinking Hats. De Bono discussed two pairs of hats which allow us to reflect on our own particular preferences – the first is red and white, which refers to gut feel and intuition (red) and facts (white). What is your default and comfort when evaluating this first pair of hats and do you bring in enough of the other? When does the red or white hat have to be challenged? For the second pair of hats we have yellow and black. Yellow refers to being optimistic, assuming something is possible and thinking about the how. Black is of course the opposite – the constructive critic which is thinking through what could go wrong. Effective techniques that enable black hat thinking are pre-mortems and red-teaming. Pre-mortem is the assumption for a moment we will fail. From that perspective, it involves looking and identifying what is most likely to go wrong. Red-teaming is the idea of tasking some of the team with figuring out how to beat your strategy.

Finally, a really effective strategy for analytical thinking is root cause analysis. Many of us have heard of the ‘5 Whys’ which is a simplistic but effective method. Perhaps more impactful is the use of multiple cause diagrams which allow us to work from a challenge and identify the different causes that are having an impact.

Further considerations

As we have covered in this review of analytical thinking, it does take more time, deliberation and effort to do effectively. That is the nature of the beast in doing system two thinking well. In reflecting on the common errors and strategies above, ask yourself these questions:

• When do you currently do your best analytical thinking as an environment?
• What strategies could you make more use of?
• When and how could you introduce more analytical thinking?

By John Portch

“The hardest thing with elite level para athletes is that you tend to gain experience and learning from mistakes,” says Victoria Moore. “Because you don’t have a large group of people to compare an athlete to.”

The Head of Performance Support & Solutions at Athletics Australia oversees athlete support for both the Olympic and Paralympic programs. When it comes to the latter, the first thing she says is that no two para athletes will have the same high support needs.

“It’s hard to know everything about everyone on the team and what might happen to them in different environments,” she continues. “So having a breadth of knowledge of a range of issues, any comorbidities and being able to adapt, is really important. That’s why I try to upskill people where possible and share knowledge and what I’ve learned.”

She spoke to the Leaders Performance Institute earlier this year as Athletics Australia prepared to take a team of 39 athletes to the 2023 Para Athletics World Championships, which took place in Paris in July. Australia would claim 14 medals: three golds, eight silvers and three bronzes. It was a haul that placed the nation eighteenth in the medals table.

A year from now, the 2024 Paralympic Games will also come to the French capital. This year’s worlds afforded Athletics Australia a rare opportunity to run tests in near identical conditions. “That doesn’t always happen, but when we can align then we try to align.”

Moore was a contributor to our Performance Special Report Navigating Your Way Through Major Competitions. She also found time to discuss her role, which sees her work across both Olympic and Paralympic sport.

“You need to be specific about how you manage each team environment. I’m a connection point, joining the dots, and giving people as much information as I can to be able to support them to do their role effectively.”

Here, we highlight four lessons from Moore’s work meeting the needs of para athletes and how they may provide food for thought for the wider sporting world.

1. ‘You can’t have a lot of peacocks’

When Athletics Australia sends a team to a meet such as the Para Athletics World Championships, it is important for coaches to have both humility and a capacity to build rapport. Or, as Moore puts it, they must have the right amount of ‘awesomeness and awkwardness’. She says: “I have this thing about teams, it’s my ‘awesome and awkward’ theory. Generally, what it means is, when I put a team together, I’m quite considered in how I do it across performance support. The awkward and awesome theory is that people need to have the right amount of awesomeness with regards to technical capabilities but the right amount of awkwardness so that on a team they are able to fit well. So you can’t have a lot of peacocks. Whereas you might be able to have them in a daily training environment because they all go home at the end of the day, people need to be able to pick up the roles of others in camp environments. They need to be humble and they need to be able to build rapport quickly.”

2. Identify opportunities to upskill your support staff and blend complementary skillsets

Moore will not rely on prior experience alone when preparing to support para athletes at a major games. “I really need to understand the needs of the athletes that make up the team and then put support structures around them,” she says. “For a para team, that means anything from underlying medical conditions that require extra support to the skillsets of the staff that are going.” If there is a large contingent of athletes that compete in wheelchairs then it could be that Moore prioritises doctors or physios with expertise in pressure sore management, for example. “If there is a gap then I need to upskill the team so they can manage in those conditions.” This approach has led to numerous adaptations, such as the employment of performance psychologists with mental health training. Where limits on staff accreditation press upon Moore, she will work backwards with her team to enable them to cover as many bases as possible. “Our carers’ roles have evolved. We used to just take people who had good relationships with the athletes. Now we take very highly skilled occupational therapists who help manage the daily planning and can pivot towards other areas.” Support staff roles at a competition are defined by their necessary skillsets, which are determined by documenting athletes’ needs. “People are more accountable now and better able to deliver.”

3. Try to test athletes away from their home environments

Athlete assessments of need are better done away from home. “We always try to create camps where we can get these athletes away from their daily training environment so that we can truly understand what their needs are going to be away from home – it’s hard to know what those things are until you see them outside their home environments and away from their traditional support systems,” says Moore. The athletes themselves also need to experience being away. “They probably wouldn’t know [their true support needs] until they leave their home environment,” she adds. “We haven’t taken individual carers away with us. We don’t want to create a dependency. We’ll always make sure that we build rapport with the athlete and our support person. We also have to think of the needs of the whole team.”

4. Devise frameworks that capture the wisdom and knowledge of your team

When considering para sport support services, learning tends to come through a process of trial and error as much as through evidence-based practice or interventions. Therefore, it is important to capture knowledge gained in the field. “You can create efficiencies by synthesising information,” says Moore. The potential issue is that budgets will only stretch so far and requests for funding can come from all angles. Moore cannot risk support systems and processes becoming unwieldy and inefficient. She recommends a framework that enables the transition of knowledge from one cycle to the next (“an information dump”, as Moore herself puts it). “People want to be innovative but they tend to not know where the big rocks are in doing that. If you can have a person coordinate that, you can be efficient, you can understand themes, you can see what’s been done and not reinvent the wheel. Then you can help people to put in frameworks to begin to implement change.”

Victoria Moore was a contributor to our Special Report, titled Navigating Your Way Through Major Competitions: a snapshot from Olympic, Paralympic and elite team sports. In addition to Athletics Australia, it features insights from Swimming Australia, the Lawn Tennis Association, Hockey Ireland and Welsh Rugby Union. Each has teams competing in major tournaments this year and all are bound to give you something to think about in your future projects.

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By John Portch

“I do feel a little bit sad for the players I had 20 years ago. They could have benefited from the experience I have now.”

The Leaders Performance Institute is on the phone to David Sammel, a tennis coach with more than 30 years of experience coaching men’s ATP Tour players.

This week, Sammel is at the All England Lawn Tennis & Croquet Club in Wimbledon to coach Britain’s Liam Broady in both the gentlemen’s singles and doubles at The Championships.

We are speaking on Wednesday 5 July. It is the day after Broady’s first round defeat of Constant Lestienne and the day before he dispatched fourth seed and three-time grand slam finalist Casper Ruud. It was an ideal moment for Sammel to reflect on his development as a coach.

“I have different tools that I’ve developed over the years and I feel sad for those players in the past because there’s situations I look back on and I would have dealt with them differently now to how I did then,” he says. “But that’s part of the learning process as a coach and the other side of the coin is that I would hate to look back, even in five years’ time from now, and say I’m exactly the same as I was five years ago.”

Broady, the men’s world number 142, was due to play Ruud on the day of our conversation, but the rain put paid to that idea. Inclement weather is just one of a number of disruptions that players can routinely expect at a tournament.

“These days are tricky to manage because their stress and anxiety is there as the build-up to the match continues; and keeping someone in a holding pattern is not easy. The job almost shifts to keeping the player entertained in different ways and being light-hearted in practice,” adds Sammel.

“The work is really done beforehand and once you get into the tournament it’s just a bit of maintenance, a little bit of sharpening and keeping the player relaxed between matches. At majors it’s a little different because you always get a day off in between and, of course, like the rain at Wimbledon yesterday, we now get two days and, possibly, depending on how the weather is today, three days off.”

Here, the Leaders Performance Institute details five factors that underpin Sammel’s approach to coaching during a competition.

1. The fundamentals don’t change

During a tournament, Broady will aim to rise at his usual time, whether he is playing or not. Routine is important, although practice times will depend on the availability of practice courts.

Nevertheless, the fundamentals should not change because a player is competing at the All England Club. “What I’ll say to players is the court is the same size, you’re playing against people you can play anywhere in the world, and it’s just a label that this is the best tennis tournament in the world. You need to go out there and play tennis – not Wimbledon. It’s trying to keep the head in a place that, at the end of the day, it is your job to play tennis – it is not to play different tennis because it’s Wimbledon. It’s to play the best tennis that you can put on the court on the day.”

That said, “You’re not ignoring the fact that this is something a little bit different, but you’re saying ‘this is why you’ve done all the work. You dream about these things as a kid and now you’re living it and that’s amazing’.”

2. Help players to find their rhythm and confidence

Practice at a tournament is primarily to give players “a feel of the ball”, as Sammel explains. He speaks often about the need for players to find their “rhythm”. He says: “There’s nothing you really want to be working on unless there’s a couple of specifics because you’ve scouted the opponent and say something like ‘let me feed you a few balls, you’re going to get quite a few of these during the match’.

“The problems come if the player starts to miss a few balls and gets a little uptight – they feel the magic is disappearing.” The key in those moments is to talk the player “back down off the ledge”. “You’ve got to say ‘look, let’s have a drink. Relax. Let’s not think about this for a moment. Maybe let’s hit a few serves.’ And when you feel like they’re truly relaxed go back to it and hopefully they find some rhythm.

“On bad days, that’s when it’s important for the coach to be there and not show any stress and just be relaxed. That often calms a player. You also need to remind them that there’s nothing they’re going to face tomorrow that they haven’t faced before. They just need to go through your history and know that they’ve dealt with whatever adversity has been directed at them because that’s where real confidence comes from.” Confidence is key. “With great athletes, the difference is their belief and confidence to perform and bring a level no matter how they’re feeling.”

3. How is the athlete’s body language? How is your timing as a coach?

Sammel has learned to trust his instincts as a coach. “The one big thing that coaches are there for is feeling the moment and the timing of when you say things. Give very few messages, important key ones, and do not overload the player – when a player has too much to think about that really hurts their performance,” he says. It is also essential to read their body language. “When you’re talking to an athlete, you can tell in their eyes whether you are actually connecting and they’re hearing you or whether it’s just being blocked out. They’re nodding yes, they’re saying yes, but you know it’s not going in. That’s when you really need to change tack or understand that this is just not the right moment and then you’ve got to be looking out, pretty much all day, for the right moment when they’re open to having a different approach and you go again at trying to get your message across. That is one of the big things that comes from experience, that timing.”

He adds: “If you overload a player that’s going to kill them, but if you have an important message, you’ve got to find the right moment and know that it’s actually gone in. That can take two or three attempts but not in the same way; if you try to bulldoze a player with the same approach their resistance will grow stronger and then you’ve got no chance of getting the message in.”

4. No ‘victims’

Sammel stresses the need for “adult conversations”. He says: “When you’re in a good place, where you can go through a couple of things and you can see it’s going in and the player will ask a question like an adult, not like a victim.”

According to Sammel, a ‘victim’ would say thing such as: “‘I don’t know if I can do this’ or ‘what you’re asking is impossible right now’ or they’re dismissive. You know they have a worry, they have a stress and they’re trying to pretend that it’s not there. You have to try to have a conversation. ‘Look, let’s talk about whatever is bothering you, let’s get it out in the open, and that way we can deal with it before you go out there’. Because when a player has something bothering them, if they don’t take care of it before they go out there then you’re looking at disaster.”

5. Win or lose, generate optimism for the player

Defeats are inevitable but there is always something a player can take into their next tournament and upsets, such as Broady’s defeat of Ruud, can happen.

“After a disappointment, the coach’s job is to immediately shed light on what the next step is for the player to progress and go forward,” says Sammel. “You need to be going to the next tournament with optimism. ‘If we put a couple of things right, we practise a couple of things and get a bit better at those, that makes you even tougher. Let’s take that to the next tournament and see what happens then’.

“I have a saying that I’ve used for over 20 years, which is ‘do the work and good things will happen – you just don’t know when’. I’ll say: ‘This major is over and obviously we were hoping for more, it didn’t happen, but that doesn’t mean it won’t happen in the next major. Let’s keep working and the good things will happen. It’s not our job really to know when because that’s the excitement of sport’.”

By John Portch

In April, the Rugby Football Union (RFU), Premiership Rugby, Premier 15s and Rugby Players’ Association published an Inclusion and Diversity Action Plan for the elite game.

Jatin Patel, the Inclusion and Diversity Director at the RFU, English rugby union’s governing body, since 2021, was one of a series of individuals who played an instrumental role in devising the Inclusion and Diversity Plan, which is a result of elite game research into racism and classism in the English game.

The project was given added impetus last year when the Newcastle Falcons’ centre Luther Burrell spoke publicly about his experiences of racism and class prejudice.

Patel published a LinkedIn post announcing the plan’s launch. “April went by in a flash. But what a month it was,” he wrote, going on to explain the notable achievements of his “small but mighty team (with a lot of help from our friends!)” managed during the month. In addition to the I&D Plan, they delivered ‘active bystander’ training to RFU Council members, contributed to panel discussions on pride, hate speech and racial equality, and hosted non-governmental bodies and equality, diversity & inclusion leads at Twickenham Stadium during an England women’s international match.

“There is always more to do. But at the heart of everything above is #collaboration. With other colleagues, with passionate leads within the game and with leaders beyond our own sport”.

Patel demonstrated his passion when he came downstairs to speak at the 2022 Leaders Sport Performance Summit at the RFU headquarters in Twickenham Stadium.

He also found time to speak to the Leaders Performance Institute backstage.

What does your role look like on a day-to-day basis?

JP: My role as Inclusion and Diversity Director at the RFU involves looking at all elements of the game. Our strategy has four fundamental pillars and there is no hierarchy. The first I’ll speak about is employees and the board; so what is our organisation? How is it made up? How can we improve, attract, retain and progress diverse talent? The second pillar is around gameplay; community to professional rugby. How do we make the game more inclusive? How do we increase the diversity of players, coaches, officials and people working within the club environment? The third pillar is around our fans, followers and partners. Who are they? What is the content they’re consuming? How are we engaging them in rugby across England? And how are we working better with our partners to understand the efforts they’re making to diversify their own environments but also working with them to scale the impact we want to have and reach more communities? The final piece of that strategy is around our governance. Our volunteer leaders who are elected into positions such as our Council as constituency body reps. Who are they? How do we help them to be more inclusive leaders? And ultimately how do we diversify the talent pool coming into those positions for the future as well?

How does that look on a good day at the office?

JP: On a good day, that means people openly talking about issues around inclusion and diversity. And it might sound simplistic, but sometimes people avoiding talking about diversity because it’s too difficult or the fear of the unknown, certainly the fear of saying the wrong thing, which I can understand to some extent. But on a good day, what you’ll see is people having this conversation in a really open way, showing a bit of vulnerability, being open to the fact that they may not know something and ultimately asking for the guidance, advice and opinions and insights of people who may come from more diverse groups to help them to be better leaders, to make better decisions, to be more inclusive in the way they operate, to make sure that we’re sticking to our ambitions of being more inclusive and diverse.

What are the signs and clues you look for that show that diversity and inclusion is becoming embedded in the fabric of the organisation?

JP: The signs you look for are when leaders at the top of your organisation are building diversity and inclusion into their objectives and their agendas, which is very much the case at the RFU. I think you see it when you start to have clubs within the professional game talking about this on a more regular basis and that’s absolutely happening in rugby right now. Some of those discussions are difficult, but at the same time, talking about them openly and the challenges you are facing. Ultimately, the key indicator everyone’s looking for is: what is the diversity of people participating in the game of rugby? It’s hard to measure that because we haven’t always got the data we want but, ultimately, the day we can do that effectively and we can start to see progress, I guess that’s a really good sign that not only is the game changing to become more diverse, but people are staying in the game. Hopefully that leads to becoming more inclusive as well.

How do you deal with inevitable bumps in the road?

JP: Bumps are always going to occur in this space. It’s a steep learning curve for some. Others are a bit more advanced. There’s probably a big chunk of people in the middle that are still quite new to the inclusion and diversity space but get why it’s important. Bumps; you’ve got to kind of ride them. The more you build inclusion and diversity into your strategic objectives, your strategic thinking, into the commercial plans, the marketing plans you have, the communications plans you have, the performance strategies that you have, the more it becomes normalised and so the bumps become like any other bumps rather than a specific inclusion and diversity bump, one you become more used to riding rather than, at the moment because the fear of the unknown is more heightened. I tend to use bumps also as an opportunity to continue engaging on this topic with many of my colleagues as I possibly can. I think it’s sad to hear stories of discrimination in the game, but if you don’t learn something from them and how to be better as a result of them, it’s not only a missed opportunity, you’re failing the person that experienced that and you might be failing people in the future.

How do you balance long-term and short-term planning in your role?

JP: Balancing the long-term and short-term is probably the biggest challenge in the diversity and inclusion space. I think, depending on public pressure, people, particularly in different positions of influence and leadership, want to see their results overnight. For me, it’s about making sure that all the initiatives we do around the I&D agenda are regular, are digestible, that it can be tangible, not just about raising awareness but what can people do about it. All those short-term activities are designed to increase long-term change and hopefully improve not only the representation of diverse groups in rugby but also the number of inclusive leaders that exist within it as well. Ensuring you make that distinction is really important. Inclusivity, getting it right, and getting inclusive cultures, behaviour and decision-making in place will help diverse groups that are either in the sport today or you’re trying to get into the sport for the future, not only for the sense of belonging but also to flourish and be the best they can in an environment that is being considerate of them. Short-term versus long-term, one automatically leads to the other and it’s just making sure people have the patience and the confidence that they’re going on a journey that will ultimately introduce change.

How important is data in your role?

JP: Data is critical to my role. It’s not always the easiest thing to obtain around the diversity space, primarily because of regulatory issues and also explaining to people why asking for their diversity data is important to their own experience, but also helping the RFU understand the diversity of the game more effectively. It underpins all of the baselines that we have; we have a lot of KPIs and metrics we want to hit over time. Most of them are quite challenging but that’s a good thing. It helps us focus on the issue and we can regularly report on movements in programmes that we’ve got in place or just generally in terms of participation. In that sense, data underpins every good inclusion and diversity strategy and certainly underpins ours here at England Rugby.

Does data help you to identify gaps?

JP: I think it’s more about making sure I use data to demonstrate the impact that we’re having but also to give a picture of the lay of the land, particularly from a diversity perspective. I think it can be used effectively to persuade others as well of the importance of it. For example, participation in rugby is a really key challenge at all levels of the game and making sure that we present data were gaps exist that not only demonstrate the opportunity but also demonstrate the need to act on that. If we’re struggling to get more people engaging and participating in the game and the data says so, we then need to be using that to increase the number particularly from diverse groups going forward and seeing it as an opportunity rather than as an additional project.

By Luke Whitworth

The latest iteration of our Leadership Skills Series centred on the theme of managing ego and sought to explore thinking around managing our ego and recognising when it gets in our way. The session also discussed our responses to ego in others and handling egos within a team.

In kicking off this skills session, the group found it useful to revisit definitions of ego: ‘Ego is an individual’s sense of self-esteem or self-worth. The way someone views or perceives themselves – their self-awareness’.

Ego is a spectrum. It’s neither good nor bad per se, it’s a matter of degree or context. Positive aspects include confidence, security of identity and self-belief. Negative aspects are attributed to criticism of self and others, needing approval and the need to feel superior.

With the above in mind, here are some considerations for managing ego, individually and collectively.

Working with your ego

What are some of the ways you can keep your ego in check, healthy and appropriate?

• Support, develop and work with people who won’t feed your ego. Seek them out. Find smart people, with the confidence to speak up, to give you feedback and perspective on yourself and your contribution to the group effort.
• Take a moment to reflect on all the people who were part of making you successful.
• Thank people publicly for their contributions to what you’ve achieved. Humble leaders are often very forward in thanking and appreciating the role of others in their success.

Do you check in on your ego? The ‘Johari Window’ which is a framework for understanding conscious and unconscious bias that can help increase self-awareness and our understanding of others. There are four dimensions of self-knowledge around ego:

1. What we know about ourselves which everybody else knows. This is the ‘open window’ where it is a kind of public knowledge that everybody knows about.
2. What we personally privately know, but other people don’t know. The things we keep to ourselves.
3. The things we don’t know about ourselves but other people do know; ‘the blind spots’.
4. The hidden part of ourselves which we really don’t know and nobody else knows.

Finally, ask people that you trust. What do they know, think about you that you are not self-aware of? Self-disclosure and feedback is the kind of the golden recipe for getting insight into how our ego is manifesting itself, and whether it’s working well for us or not.

What the research says

A piece of research that explored problem players in sports teams with high, inappropriate ego highlights that you can experience the following consequences:

1. Cliques: sides being taken as opposed to having a whole team approach.
2. Reduced effort: people who see the high ego problem performer not being handled well.
3. Question authority: management may lose authority or credibility if high egos are able to have too much influence.
4. Drains energy: the energy it can take to manage high, inappropriate levels of ego in a team. Is your team a ‘radiator’ or a ‘drain’? Who is draining the energy?
5. Younger players impacted: a feeling of not being able to speak up or feeling intimidated.

Working with someone else’s ego

Three ways you as an individual can seek to keep it in check:

1. Be ‘adult to adult’ and assertive. You don’t have to take it just because they give it. For example using this type of language that is clear and direct ‘tell me three things you want. OK, here’s three things I want.’
2. Acknowledge their positive intentions. Whatever their behaviour, even if you don’t like it at some level, there is positive intention. This approach helps us be empathetic. What are they trying to do?
3. Capitalise on appetite for improvement – stretch them. Many high ego people want to succeed, which is something we can capitalise on.

Working with ego in teams

Three ways the team can seek to keep ego healthy:

1. Openly talk about ego. Look to use it as a force for good. We can start to come to a ‘deal’ within our team if we address and talk openly about it.
2. Contract from the outset. Team goals first and focus on purpose that can lead to positive psychological safety.
3. Set ambitious goals that can stretch.

By Sarah Evans

Recommended reading

Why the Key to Successful Leadership Is Now Influence, Not Authority

‘Where the Science Shifts Towards the Art of Coaching and High Performance Leadership’

Three Simple But Important Steps to Earning the Trust of your Athletes

Framing the topic

In our first Leadership Skills Series Session of 2023, we look at how our members can build skills to facilitate great conversations within their teams. We began the session by asking the members to think of times when they have had good and bad conversations. What made them this way? We then went into some stimulus, providing ten top tips in facilitating great conversations. These were aimed at not being some of the obvious things that everyone would think of straight away, but rather the nuances which can make a difference when handling a specific conversation.

1. Clarify your outcomes

• Getting your own mindset right before you begin a discussion.
• What do you want people to think, feel and do as a result of the discussion?
• How do you want to show up yourself, and how do you want to be perceived? What’s the impact you want to have on the discussion?

2. Specify outcomes for each agenda item

• For example: ‘Item 1, Project X – We’re looking for fresh ideas.’ This gives you a heading, which allows you to bring the conversation back if it drifts off.

3. Contract – the ‘future pace’ approach

• Let’s assume we are going to be successful, it is another part of getting your mindset right for the conversation.
• You might begin the discussion saying ‘Let’s imagine we have a great conversation here, I’d like you to put yourself on the edge of this conversation in your mind and look back, what did we do to make it successful?’.
• It is then important to get people to write this down, and have them commit to the behaviours they themselves have suggested.
• You are not imposing ground rules, but suggesting these come from the group themselves.

4. Build rapport – match pace and lead

• If you mismatch the group and get your energy and mood wrong, you are going to lose them right from the start.
• One example might be when we go into a group that has low energy, we might go in and try and lift the energy in the group and be a dynamic leader. This can tend to have the opposite effect, and what the group really want is for you to be alongside them energetically, for a while, so they know you’re with them – this is called ‘matching’.
• Going along with them for a while is then called ‘pacing’. Once you have been along with the group for a while at the same energetic and mood level, you can then start to lead on something more resourceful, and gradually build up the energy and the pace.

5. Sensory acuity and early intervention

• Paying attention to what is going on.
• It is better to get in early and deal with something before it gets too big to deal with.
• This is about spotting some of the small behaviours which might indicate that somebody is unhappy, disengaged or feeling in opposition to what is being discussed. It may be as small as a shake of a head, an eye movement, a whisper to someone. All of these things have meaning and are part of the group dynamic, and we need to be paying attention to even the minutia and intervening straight away.
• You can intervene by asking someone, ‘how are you doing in this conversation?’, ‘Is there something you wanted to say?’
• It is about making sure that we acknowledge behaviour early and address it as early as we possibly can.

6. Listen for the unspoken

• It is useful to assume what has not been said, it might be a feeling that has not been expressed, a tricky topic that’s too difficult to mention. The elephant in the room.
• Some of these things which aren’t given voice, are the agenda.
• You could say ‘I’ve noticed, nobody has said how they feel about this subject’ or ‘I notice, when we approach this subject the room gets a bit quiet, I’m just wondering what’s going on here?’
• Express it to the group, you may get it wrong, but more often than not, if you feel it and feel there is something not being said, you can do a lot for the group by bringing attention to it.

7. Offer a ‘clean’ summary

• This is about making people feel heard, and allowing people to reflect on what they have said.
• ‘Clean’ means summarising without putting our own thoughts or feelings in the summary. There is no judgement.
• Use their language and their terminologies, people then feel deeply heard and not judged or misunderstood.

8. Offer ‘BIFF’ Feedback

• BIFF: Behaviour, Impact, Feeling, Future.
• When giving feedback, begin by describing someone’s behaviour without judging or interpreting it. Simply describe literally what they have done.
• Then say what the impact of this behaviour is.
• Proceed to tell them how you then feel about this.
• Finally, agree what you will do about this going forward.

9. Acknowledge positive intention

• It is useful to assume that any behaviour anyone exhibits in a group at some level has a positive intention. It may not have a positive effect but behind it there is positive intention.
• If you acknowledge the positive intention it can allow the person to feel respected and can sometimes take the emotional sting out of what they are trying to say.

10. Silence is not commitment

• It might not even mean agreement, let alone commitment.
• It is good to check in with them, saying ‘you haven’t said anything about this, I just wanted to check your agreement with it?’

By Sarah Evans

Recommended reading

Make It Stick

Starting With Why

How Great Leaders Inspire Action

Framing the topic

In our final Leadership Skills Series Session of 2022, we look at how our members can enhance their influencing skills within their environments. We began the session by framing what influencing is and how we might be able to enhance these skills and be more effective with our communication. Influencing doesn’t happen in a vacuum, it’s linked to who you are, your personal brand and how people feel about you. It is something that has to be nurtured and worked with over a period of time.

‘The key to successful leadership today is influence not authority’ – Kenneth Blanchard, American business consultant

What influencing meant to our members:

• People like to be treated and influenced in different manners. You can’t influence them when you’ve just met them, it takes time to build the relationship and trust.
• Empowering ideas in others alongside your own so they have added buy-in.
• Influence can create stronger buy in than telling someone to ‘do something because I said so’.
• Influence is a process of education.
• To influence can be to work to make the thing look like a good idea, so the team move to a position to want to do it.
• Enabling and empowering others to ‘do’, ‘act’, ‘change’.
• Influencing is an element of leadership, involving ‘moving people’.
• An emotional bank account with others – if that is in credit it is easier to do the moving and shifting.

What behaviours do we see from those that influence well?

• Clarity of purpose and values.
• Trust and relatedness is a feeling of positive influence.
• Listening and empowerment, they ask a lot of questions to get to understand you – empathy.
• They listen, they take in your opinions, they are objective. They state the inconvenient truths.
• People feel heard, valued, engaged.
• People feel trusted, empowered, and are invested in the outcomes.
• They have power without playing authority.

Outcome thinking:

Event + Response = Outcome

Focus on what you want to achieve and then, because of that, think about how you need to behave.

Wheel of Influence:

Pull behaviours

Responsive:

• Seeking to understand & explore the other person’s point of view.
• Explorative questioning.
• Staying open.

Passive:

• Giving in too soon.
• Feel ‘unworthy’/low status.
• Not challenging.

Push behaviours

Assertive:

• Sharing our perspective.
• Clear on what we want.
• Evidence-based persuasion.
• Giving effective feedback.

Aggressive:

• Aggressive/attacking.
• Refusing to listen.

How do we make our points ‘stick’?

1. Simplify – strip your message down to its core. Less is always more. What is the key message you want your audience to go away with?
2. Grab their attention by surprising the audiences expectations.
3. Make your communication more concrete and less abstract:
   • Use relevant examples/personal stories to bring your points to life.
   • Add weight and quantify your point with relevant and compelling facts.

Four Ps model – for getting people on board with the need for change, and giving confidence in our new direction.

1. Picture (what) – setting out a positive vision of success. The outcome we are determined to achieve.
2. Purpose (why) – explain the reason for it. What’s the problem we’re solving?
3. Plan (how) – a step by step plan as to how we are going to phase-in the change and support people – the aim here is to reassure people.
4. Part (who) – give individuals clarity on where they can best add value.

Thoughts and reflections from our members about the model:

• It helps in reviewing a current programme – picture what we want it to look like in three years’ time and how we get there.
• The model provides a logical flow of information.
• We discussed What (1) vs Why (2) and which should come first in the framework.
• One of the group suggested that the person and credibility of who is delivering the message is probably most important.
• It is not just a one-off pitch but how you weave some of the stuff into every conversation and interaction; keep them mindful of it and provide reminders.

By Luke Whitworth & Sarah Evans

Recommended reading

High Performance Environments – What the Research Is Telling Us

Performance Thinking: Understanding How you Learn, Unlearn and Deliver

Why Psychological Safety Paves the Way to Better Decision Making and Innovation

Framing the topic

Across this virtual roundtable conversation, we explored the ever-intriguing topic of collaboration, and in particular how to continue to foster and evolve it. Some of the key questions for exploration were around the barriers to collaboration, examples of good collaboration in practice, and where the areas of need are for impactful collaboration.

Session stimulus from James Morton, Professor of Exercise Metabolism, Liverpool John Moores University: Performance Collaboration: Winning Consistently… Together

• A performance culture of collaboration: three core concepts to this: alignment, continual improvement and reflective practice.
• Four pillars: taking these three concepts further, there are four key components to allow you to bring these concepts to life.
• Vision & mission: be bold, ambitious and inspirational. Create excitement. Over communicate.
• Strategy: be performance focused. The importance of having a knowledge-to-delivery framework. Behavioural change science.
• People: ‘Podium people’. Winning behaviours. A coaching mindset. Problem solvers. Front line operators.
• Delivery: Athlete (and staff) performance plans. Alignment of what, when and why. Consistently executing excellence.

 Discussion points

• Multidisciplinary vs interdisciplinary: ‘multidisciplinary’ can often encourage a sense of staying in your lane culture and collaboration, whereas ‘interdisciplinary’ is framed more as ‘come and get in our lane’. Do you do collective education across your different disciplines? A key component for collaboration is respect for others’ contributions. The best way to have a recognition for that is to spend time with one another, understand the value they bring and the challenges they have.
• Multidisciplinary vs interdisciplinary approaches: with a multidisciplinary approach, you can get so immersed in your work and what others need to achieve that they don’t look up – you can still perform well, but you can perform better with more foresight and longitude in their vision if there was more interdisciplinary activity.
• Shifts in approaches: in a number of environments, we can see the presence of both multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches. Within the performance team it’s more interdisciplinary, but when you look outside of that group to departments such as coaching or front office, it can revert to being more multidisciplinary which makes it harder to collaborate.
• Finding common ground: as a best practice to drive more collaboration, we have focused on incorporating the athlete’s performance goals from a technical coaching perspective. This is the goal from the coaching staff in this instance – as performance staff this allows us to ask questions around how do we not just make this person better from a physical sense, but also specific to what that individual athlete needs?
• The need to collaborate: we push a lot and collaboration is a buzz word. There is a balance between forcing collaboration where it actually doesn’t need to take place and the real need for it. When staff want to be involved in areas that are perhaps a little outside their lanes, it’s often due to a lack of role clarity and not feeling valued in what they are doing.
• Amazon: they talk about not liking too much communication, teams often work independently and then come together at the end – this isn’t suggesting it’s the best model but it’s a different way of thinking about collaboration. If staff feel valued in their tasks, there isn’t as much of a need to look at what is happening elsewhere.
• Be intentional: when thinking about collaboration, think about when and why? Consider this as opposed to forcing collaboration in all areas where everybody is involved in everything – this can slow things down, make you less innovative and can prevent people from being heard.
• Strategic vs operational: there is the here and now to deliver immediate results but also longer-term thinking. In terms of strategic collaboration, the challenge is around when is that most important? Consider where the integration points and crossroads are to ensure you utilise the best information and people to promote progression.
• Clarity: role clarity is important, but also having a clear understanding of what collaboration actually is. What doe the behaviours look like for collaboration and what are we trying to get out of this? Collaboration can often get confused with teamwork – we hear the emphasis on ‘team’ all the time, but collaboration is really about problem-solving and decision-making – it’s not meeting for the sake of meeting.
• Role modelling: in most organisations, there are people we can point to who are champions of collaboration. Considering putting people who are good as facilitators of conversations and collaboration in roles that can help multiply this – model expectations.
• Barriers to collaboration: lack of trust, clarity, fixed mindset and defensiveness and siloed-thinking.
• Bringing it back to the athlete: it is crucial that everyone is aligned to the performance plan. Who do you need to work with consistently well day to day to develop the athlete?
• Alignment: make sure everyone is on the same page, having a vision and consistency across the board but then having subcultures who have their own ways of working, but it must still be aligned to the overall vision. Having this consistency then allows for individuals to enact it as they want and allow for individuality because at the core they are all aligned.
• Continuous challenge: one main challenge we can face in our environments is being reliant on other staff for key information. Time is also the most precious resource and this presents a challenge to ensuring that everyone is aligned. Meetings that promote collaboration are crucial.
• Scalability: everyone has great ideas but what is scalable? What are the key things we need to focus on?
• Communication is key: have we mapped and have a stronger understanding of how different people communicate?
• ‘Speed of trust’ tool: evaluating the competency and collaboration increases trust.
• Visualising others’ processes: valuing the accumulation effect of the sports science performance processes and getting everyone to see that as an example is important. One barrier is the sum of the people, and how to change behaviours – behavioural change science.
• Communicating value: using personal experience rather than always data can help influence people more effectively – understanding what will motivate them. One example was asking each discipline to explain how important water is to them – for nutrition hydration is key, for coaches water breaks are key times to give tactical coaching etc. Something so simple can bring together every discipline and show how they can work together and how many things impact them all.

Attendee takeaways

At the end of the roundtable discussions, attendees were asked to share one key reflection point or takeaway from the call that they would like to take back to their environment for further consideration:

• Treat every aspect of sport as a performance domain.
• The need to think more deeply around collaboration v individuality.
• Aligning collaboration with vision and mission.
• What are we worried will happen if we over communicate? We will over collaborate?
• Clarity of purpose to drive intentional collaboration.
• Exploring together, collectively what we all believe collaboration is and what it looks like in any given environment or situation – that helps to set expectations, behaviours and clarity of role.
• Focused and reflection of collaboration, don’t meet just to meet, ensure clarity of intent coming out of the meeting. Ensure collaboration on the front end for any messaging going to players. Conviction in the why and intent is essential. Align behaviours with values.
• How are we reviewing collaboration? How well are we defining the expectations? What is the level of consistency of the behaviours that contribute towards collaboration?

By John Portch

When Rory Sloane spoke at Virtual Leaders Meet: Evolution of Leadership in June 2021, he delivered a curious insight into the make-up of the Adelaide Football Club’s player leadership group.

The club, which draws its five-player leadership group from a list of 45 decided to give youth a chance in 2020.

“Couple of guys who have been part of the leadership group over the previous four years stepped aside to let some of these young kids develop,” said Sloane.

Adelaide finished bottom of the AFL ladder in 2020 – a fact that left Sloane, as captain, “stung” – and decided to turn to youth to renew their fortunes. In this context, it made sense to empower some of the younger players on the list.

“We’ve still got a lot of leaders without titles,” he continued, “But yeah, five official leaders.”

Sloane is joined onstage by Jarrad Butler, the captain of Connacht Rugby, where their eight-strong leadership group takes responsibility for driving standards and behaviours. Together, they explore the creation of leadership groups at Adelaide and Connacht and the main dynamics involved.

Democracy

Leadership groups tend to be elected by athletes from amongst their peers and neither Adelaide nor Connacht are any different. “At the start of the year there was a questionnaire on who do you think leads by example on the field, who do you think is the best communicator, the guy that holds the most people to account,” said Butler of the process that saw Connacht’s eight-person group appointed for the 2020-2021 season. “We kind of ticked boxes that we thought [represented] values that we wanted to have as a group, as a team, who do you think best kind of ticks that box. And we tried to put a group together that then covers a whole lot of those bases, so we didn’t want just a whole bunch of guys that are all maybe very good at the same areas, so that was important.”

Regular meetings

“What we’ve been trying to do is catch up at least once a fortnight just to get on the same,” said Butler. “I think where we fell short, especially when the seasons for us dragged on, you kind of get caught just going through the motions a little bit and you forget to catch up. “We’ve have a meeting where we all get together and these guys aren’t really on the same page, and you’re seeing that come out in the performances as well and you’re like, well we haven’t got together in four weeks [so] no wonder we’re not on the same page at the moment. So we found one of the first challenges I guess was being diligent and actually catching up with each other, and again it’s one of those things where Andy Friend, our head coach, he was like ‘well it’s up to guys if you want to get together, we’re not going to chuck something in your diaries for you – either you do it or you don’t,’ and we learnt early that if you’re not going to do, then everything else starts slipping by the wayside as well.”

Learning dynamics

Butler explained that leadership groups also have a vital role in ensuring learning and development of understanding because there are times when a coach’s impact can be limited. “It’s one of those things where you’re in a meeting and you’re getting – you know, the defence coach comes up, the head coach, and they’re showing clips and clips and clips – it’s easy for things to get watered down,” said Butler, who discussed the balance of challenge and support with Sloane in more depth here. “For the main session, we [often] get one of the players, usually one of the leaders, early on they would do the review of the session, and they would come up with the clips. This year, it’s been a little harder to have these meetings with Covid, but still, coming up with clips and sending them out because we’ve found that when you’re getting told by your peers, when they’re highlighting something I think it holds more weight than when you’re getting it from a coach for whatever reason.”

Spread the load

Butler also makes the point that their duties extend beyond performance or rugby and it is important that the playing group does not allow a mere handful of individuals manage tasks for the group. “I think the main thing is that we all took on something that wasn’t rugby-related,” he said, “so it wasn’t falling on the same guys. So one guy would link up with the team manager on if there was any issue around travel or things like that, someone else would link up with the kitman, if there were any issues; and it would just mean that we haven’t had the same conversations with a whole bunch of people unnecessarily. So it helped kind of disperse that load as well, so it wasn’t falling on the same blokes. Because imagine, you know, there’s all those guys that are happy to do everything if you ask them to, but it’s not fair to them as well. So it’s all about lightening the load.”