By John Portch and Sarah Evans

What causes athletes to develop self-defeating behaviours in a high performance environment?

“My starting point is that no one is trying to do it,” says physical performance coach Ben Rosenblatt.

“As a high performance athlete, everyone’s got the intent to go and win. No one turns up to training every day thinking ‘I’m going to be difficult today’. You can turn up and say ‘I don’t really fancy it’ because that’s what humans do, but no one has the intention to be bad.”

Rosenblatt was the Lead Men’s Physical Performance Coach at the Football Association between 2016 and 2023 and was part of Gareth Southgate’s staff at two Fifa World Cups and one Uefa European Championships. He has worked across a series of sports and has worked at both the English Institute of Sport (now UK Sports Institute) and the British Olympic Association.

In the first part of our interview, Rosenblatt makes the case for a framework that enables a practitioner to bridge performance gaps.

‘Things didn’t match up’

Rosenblatt explains that his approach when entering a programme has evolved, although his principles remain unchanged. He says: “It is a case of identifying what the team’s ambitions are, seeing how resonant they are with what they’re trying to achieve, and then identifying the behaviours that should be in place to deliver that.”

He recalls an example from an Olympic sport where those two were misaligned. “One team wanted to be the best in the world and the most physically dominant,” Rosenblatt continues. “For me, those things didn’t match up, particularly when I spoke to the athletes and coaches and heard a different narrative.

“When I dug into it with the athletes and coaches and asked ‘what are the hallmarks and successful traits of teams you think are going to enable you to win and how are we going to do it?’ Then I quickly realised that their ambitions around being physically fittest and the most dominant were probably not the thing that was going to help us win in the Olympics.”

A gold medal-winning performance did not require a well-executed 30-15 intermittent fitness test or bleep test. “There were problems with basic things like stability and robustness and just being able to train frequently enough. We can go and chase all the sexy stuff, which physical conditioning coaches really want to do like speed and agility, strength and power, but what we really need to do is keep the players playing consistently and increasing volume and intensity for their sport-specific training because that’s what will make them a better team.”

‘How does that individual learn?’

Why might a team fall into a poor behavioural pattern in the first place?

“It typically comes from a gap in capabilities, knowledge, skills and experience,” says Rosenblatt. “It can also be their opportunity, so the social environment they’re in; and then their motivation.”

He explains that a coach’s understanding of athlete motivation may be flawed. “A coach might say ‘they just don’t want it enough’ or ‘they just don’t know enough’ then you can end up in a fight with an athlete who says ‘what are you talking about? I’m doing everything I can’ or you can try to bamboozle them with knowledge that they don’t really know how to receive,” he continues.

“An example might be: ‘I’m going to give you some detailed information about why strength training is important’ and they’re like ‘I don’t really care’ or ‘I don’t have the framework to understand what you’re telling me’. You’ve got to identify where those gaps in behaviours and opportunities are. So if it is around knowledge, skills and experience, then you’ve got to ask the question ‘how do they learn? How does that individual learn? How do they best receive and retain information?’

“That might be different as a head coach compared to a young athlete or even a seasoned athlete. They’re going to learn and experience physical training differently. They’re also different generations; they’re going to have different social values placed on them as well. Understanding the individual and how they learn and receive knowledge is really important.”

‘Not everyone had seen Rocky’

Rosenblatt’s understanding came from a growing appreciation of motivation science, which he had previously overlooked.

The penny dropped prior to the 2016 Rio Olympics, when he worked concurrently with GB judokas and women’s field hockey players. Whilst the Judokas wanted to receive a training programme and be told what to do, this approach didn’t work with the women’s hockey team.

“I tried to understand the motivational science behind it,” he says. “I assumed my generation, my background, I was brought up in a boxing gym and I assumed everyone had watched Rocky and that’s what kind of motivation meant to everyone else. But actually, it’s about the athlete needing to have autonomy and feel like they’re making a decision; is there a connection between the work they’re currently doing and what they’re aspiring to achieve and do they feel like they’re getting better?

“So if you really want to make sure an athlete is motivated to commit to the programme and commit to certain behaviours that are different to the ones they’re currently engaging in, is there a connection between what they’re trying to do and what they’re trying to achieve? The tangible – can they see it? Have they had a choice in the path that they’re taking?

“They might not have the skills and experience to write the programme or to take all the direction, but there still has to be a choice somewhere along the line. ‘Do you want to train at 3 or 3:30?’ If there’s some level of choice it makes people feel more connected to it.

“The other one is progression. Do they actually feel they’re getting better and it’s achieving the things they’re really interested in? I think that was the biggest mistake I made with the hockey group when I came in.

“That comes back to helping the players connect and recognise what’s important to the things they’re trying to achieve. I think that’s always a tricky one when people start introducing strength training, in particular, into team sports or any kind of training for athletes.

“I’ve certainly had that experience in football. There’s a big disconnect between lifting weights and performance. Particularly when the first thing you experience when you lift weights for the first time is that you get sore and you can’t move for two or three days. There’s a real disconnect with that. So I think you’ve got to recognise the experience that the athlete is actually living. That’s really important. Also, work out the different solutions and strategies that are available for that player at that particular time.”

Ben Rosenblatt is the Founder of 292 Performance.

Want to discuss performance behaviours with Ben?

Email: [email protected]

Twitter: @ben_rosenblatt

By John Portch

The most influential disruptor of sport in recent times remains the pandemic, but Kate Warne-Holland reflects on that period with pride.

“I think we did even better during the pandemic because it was an opportunity,” says the Under-14s Girls’ Captain at the Lawn Tennis Association [LTA].

“I think we all saw it as an opportunity to talk more because what happens in tennis is the day to day gets so unbelievably busy. I’m sure it’s the same in every sport. The coaches are coaching and we’re trying to organise and make things better but we can’t find the time to really reflect and do that together”.

One area of improvement was the online provision of coach education – a special project of Warne-Holland’s – and there was also the establishment of 15 regional player development centres (RPDCs). She estimates that 75% of all young British players are based at one of these centres. Each RPDC has an LTA-funded head coach that has been employed from tennis’ wider coaching pool.

“We have a very strong link to the head coaches and their development plans; where they want to go, what they want to enhance in their programmes,” she adds.

“Covid was a terrible thing in numerous ways, but here was an opportunity. Player development is much more connected and it also gave us a chance within the LTA for more fluid cross-department communication”.

Warne-Holland, who has been in her current role for three years, was a contributor to our March Special Report Navigating your Way Through Major Competitions. The LTA will take young British players away from the natural habitats of their home programmes to tournaments across the globe. Youngsters can be away for up to 15 weeks per year, as she told the Leaders Performance Institute.

The LTA’s approach to youth development is continually tweaked and, as Warne-Holland explains, the travel and budget constraints enforced on the organisation during the height of the pandemic led her and her colleagues to adopt a “hybrid” approach between UK-based camp and both home and overseas competition programmes as lockdown restrictions eased.

“That meant we could get the kids together, sparring, peer group training, and get the competition box ticked by allowing them to compete more often, which they weren’t getting because they weren’t able to travel.

“We sought out cheaper court time, good venues in the middle of the country, outdoors as much as possible. We came up with what we called ‘NAGP [National Age Group Programmes] weekends’. They’re now called National Matchplay Weekends because they’re not solely for NAGP.

“It’s a fluid group of 16 players. For each weekend, eight automatically get their place based on success before but then another eight go into a selection process”.

As Covid restrictions eased in Britain, the LTA also devised a junior team competition between players from England and Scotland that helped to replace the summer and winter cups that were cancelled as the globe got to grips with the pandemic.

Crucially, as Covid policies receded, these competitions have remained. “They haven’t disappeared now we are back to ‘normality’,” says Warne-Holland. “They were so valuable and they were encouraging the private coaches to be there and coach on court. It provided an opportunity for the coaches to develop the players right in front of them. So they weren’t on a balcony, watching four matches, and then going home and working on it. We allowed and encouraged them to sit on court so they were able to impact on the player immediately.

“Ideas like that we’ve kept. It’s a very effective way of actually providing an environment that will help these kids when they travel, because it’s peer v peer, so it’s both pressured and very high support”.

Warne-Holland is not entirely fazed by the notion of future challenges, including budget cuts. “You’d find other ways to make things happen and find that high challenge,” she says. “Take them to the strongest tournaments, don’t take them to the easier, more expensive tournaments in places such as Scandinavia. Take them across the pond to France, get in the minibus, and off you go! I think it’s a more realistic journey for them. As I tell the girls, smooth seas don’t create great sailors. Make it choppy, make it high challenge, but if we’ve done the right things they’ll be able to go towards the challenge rather than running away”.

By Sarah Evans & Luke Whitworth

Recommended reading:

Leaders Performance Journal Building For Success

What Defines a Good Practice Facility?

‘”Training Facilities Are a Feeling” – you Can’t Say that to an Architect!’

Framing the topic

We often talk about environments within the Leaders Performance Institute, however within this topic-led virtual roundtable, we looked to extend these conversations into the physical space. We asked our members how their facilities were shaped and how they have evolved in order to contribute to the culture and environment they are trying to create.

We picked out four key points from our discussions:

1. Future-proofing the facility

• • Many sporting organisations have evolved and grown to include a women’s team, academy, first team and the corporate team. One of our members spoke about asking the question ‘how do we prepare for the building of the future’ and have thought about what the next 10 years could look like, thinking about what they can do now to support that future.
  • “We want to be the trend setters” – for many of our member teams, this is very important and so teams are spending lots of time in different spaces to get as many ideas as possible. The designs are often drawn, it takes a few years before the building is actually completed and so, by the time you move in, the building could be 3-4 years old and if you spend a decade in it, then the building is 10-15 years old and so that means they have to stay ahead of the curve.
  • Two of the key questions our members have been asking themselves is: ‘what’s true now that won’t change in 10 years? What needs to be consistent?’
  • Another way of future-proofing the facility, is thinking about what outcomes the team are seeking from the environment. Is it to enhance athletic performance? Is it to encourage more collaboration between staff? Are they hoping staff stay later at work? Identifying these outcomes can help the facility be more intentional and serve its purpose long term.

2. Make the space inclusive

• • Equity, Diversity and Inclusion work is becoming more engrained into high performance organisations, and making sure the facility is inclusive to everyone is something many of our teams are prioritising.
  • One of our members explained: “I’ve been working with the team for nine years. Back then, I was one of two women; now I’m one of 10 or 12 in the organisation.” Modifying the facilities in order to accommodate more female staff has been something many of our teams have had to adapt to.
  • Are the facilities inclusive for visually impaired athletes? Transgender athletes? Are they fully accessible for para-sports, as well as staff and visitors with accessibility needs? Some of these considerations are much easier to integrate into new builds, but how can they adapt current spaces to become more inclusive?
  • Are there places for new mothers to nurse? Is there childcare for parents?
  • For teams which have academies, the younger age groups are heavily influenced by parents, so how can the facilities be designed so that they’re more family-friendly, as parents are spending time around the space?

3. How does it make people feel?

• • Many people will forget things about a place or an environment, but people don’t forget how something makes them feel.
  • Everything in the facility has to have an intention, and the physical space has an opportunity to be a reflection of the club culture.
  • What’s the experience of being within that environment? How often are the questions asked to the athletes and how are they being asked? For the newest, youngest recruits versus the experience of the more veteran athlete who is perhaps at a different stage in their career; how are those questions integrated into the design of the physical space?
  • Are there any spaces where the athletes aren’t being watched? It becomes normalised as part of their workplace dynamic, but if they’re always being watched then they can never let their guard down to be themselves. So is there a possibility to create spaces in high performance environments where they have freedom to be themselves, or do they have to leave the facility to let go?
  • What are the performance outcomes of certain areas, and how can you impact this through the feel? For example within the dining area, if the outcome is to keep athletes there longer and increase engagement with nutrition, how can you create a relaxing space where they want to stay, rather than it feeling like a school canteen? The impact of plants and lighting, and making it feel more like a restaurant can have a big difference.

4. The flow of the facility

• • Understand the flow of the facility from a physical and psychological perspective. What’s the first thing you want them to do? Is a trophy cabinet the first thing you want to see every day? Actually, making a training ground feel like home and not have increased pressure all the time can have performance benefit.
  • Have the stadium be somewhere you intimidate the opposition, make them feel in awe, and provide as many home advantages for your team as possible. What is the entrance route for away teams at the stadium? Is it through a walkway filled with trophies and success or a bland hallway that doesn’t have an impact?

By John Portch

What makes for a great training facility? It is a question the Leaders Performance Institute posed to a series of athletes, coaches and practitioners, including Kate Warne-Holland, the Under-14s Girls Captain at the Lawn Tennis Association [LTA].

“You have to bring the energy. Don’t come in if you’re not ready to come in,” she says.

“The players need to know exactly what the expectation level is of them and we have to challenge each other to bring the energy and the right attitude. When I ran my own environment as a coach, everybody in the team would have clear roles about where they would be that day; leading the session, assisting the session, hitting in the session. If, as a coach, you’re hitting in the session then you’re a player so you’d better behave like a player. You’re a real role model. Communication with the players in the session has to be pitched to what is in front of you that day.”

We spoke to individuals in American football, bobsleigh, rugby union, swimming, tennis, field hockey and athletics to glean their views on what makes a training or practice facility great. Here is what they told us.

Jack Easterby, NFL performance coach:

The flow is the number one thing. How does it flow and does that flow match the work flow of the operation? For example, I’ve had people walk into a locker room and it’s the first thing you see, which is great, but you’re spending more time in a meeting hall or in a study area than you are in the locker room. The second thing is unified technology. I think that technology creates behaviour. And so I think if you have a flow that’s really well done and you have unified technology around the building, it’s going to create the behaviours that are needed for the people inside.

Montell Douglas, British Olympic bobsledder and former Olympic sprinter:

The ideal is to have everything you need in one place. If you wanted to make the best athlete, you would give them everything you need in that realm to perform, but that’s rare. In transitioning into my newer sport, I realised that things aren’t always ideal and the best training facilities came from the times where I thought outside the box. A lot of times in my sport, I was training out of a garage with free weights. I would never imagine in sprinting that you could do that and still perform, but when you think about facilities, it’s not about the quality, although that’s hugely important. It’s always about: what is required and am I able to get the same desired outcome with what I have?

Ioan Cunningham, Head Coach, Wales senior women’s rugby union team:

The biggest thing for me is: how much does an environment help a player to learn? When you set up the environment, when they walk in, what triggers are there for them to learn? Is there signposting? And then out on the field it’s very similar. Is there an opportunity with us to get live feedback on a TV on the side of the field; ‘we’re just going to play this and then go and look at it’, ‘that was really good’ or ‘you didn’t run your line there properly’. We’re lucky we can do that at our level, but it’s also creating an environment where we will stop the session, give them 30 seconds to discuss it as a group, and then come back with two points. No more than two points. ‘How are you going to win the next minute?’ Those are the type of environments and learning environments – because learning leads to motivation, in my view. If you’re learning, you’re motivated. If you stop learning you become stale.

Rohan Taylor, Head Coach, Swimming Australia:

For me, there’s three really critical components that you look at across any high performance environment. These are almost non-negotiables. The facility needs to be accessible. Sometimes [swimmers] get kicked out of the pools or lane space, so we’ll secure access to facilities to be able to do the basics, the training. The second one is the coaching and the level of coaching expertise, not just elite coaches but the coaching group; I’m talking about the sports science. You need to have that and if it’s just one person they need to be really good, if it’s two people they need to work collaboratively together. And the third part is that you need that administrative support, that dry side support, to ensure those coaches are coaching, those athletes are training, and somebody’s supporting the structure around it. Whether it’s a large, professional football club or it’s a small swimming club, it needs those three components to be operating and working together. And if you take one away, it becomes a problem.

Kate Warne-Holland, Under-14s Girls Captain, LTA:

Hard work also has to be fun. I work with under-14s and there has to be enjoyment throughout the session, with the amount of volume and intensity the kids are undertaking. I think there also needs to be respect for the effort the players are putting in, respect for the parents, and the coaching staff. And walking in each morning to a nice, clean space. No litter, no balls everywhere, everything is nicely tidy and the baskets of balls are ready to go. Often the session will start at 6:30 or 7 o’clock in the morning. You don’t want to be walking in to a messy chaotic environment. After every single session we would quickly reflect at the end; assistant into lead, player into assistant, and then lead into player. I might say: ‘I thought you were really good at bringing the energy, you behave like a player, you had high expectations of the other person’. Each person says a couple of things and it just keeps everyone on their toes around the idea that ‘this is important and we care about the quality of the sessions’.

Lisa Jacob, High Performance Director, Hockey Ireland:

It’s a feeling of ‘home’ and I think it’s somewhere you walk into and it makes you elevate your thinking. It’s very hard to describe what that looks like and, at the moment, we’re in conversations with Sport Ireland around what we want the hockey facility to look like going forward. I’m pretty sure if we started off with ‘it’s a feeling’ – Jesus, the architects can’t work with that! It has to have the basics [such as pitches and gym facilities onsite or nearby], but the one critical thing that would differentiate it for me is what the team room is like. In some places you won’t have couches and bean bags or graduated steps where you can watch videos or movies, but a place where a team can actually make it their own and create what empowers them most [is important]. There are a couple of facilities that have got it right.

Victoria Moore, Head of Performance Support and Solutions, Athletics Australia:

I see resources of people as far more beneficial than resources such as equipment and or a building. I’ve seen athletes absolutely flourish when they’ve got people to help them make informed decisions. I think you can make a lot with the right people. That’s why I’ve put resources and dollars into investing into building people’s capacity. A nice building might look great, but you should invest in people and make them feel valued and that they belong; and that’s when you’re going to get the better outcomes.

A Human Performance article brought to you by our Main Partners

By Sarah Evans

Recommended reading:

What Are your Trade-Offs in the Quest for Success?

Leaders Performance Support Series: Making Wellbeing A Core Component Of Your Organisational Culture (Session 1)

Performance Perspectives: Balancing the Emotional and Rational in Performance Support

Framing the topic:

This was session two of our first Performance Support Series of the year, which focused on ‘The Performance Paradox’.  Across these sessions, which are led by our Performance Advisor and performance expert Dr Meg Popovic, the aim is to explore the trade-offs and considerations in the quest to win for staff, athletes, and their wider organisation. This series is centred around Transformational Learning Theory, which helps us to answer questions around how we learn to transform ourselves and the teams we co-create. There is one more session to follow.

Recap: the definition of ‘paradox’: ‘a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true’; ‘a statement, person, or thing that combines contradictory features or qualities’.

Session themes:

• Embodied Wisdom
• Auto/Ethnography
• Process of Self-Understanding
• Expansion to our work with athletes
• Challenge to complete

Body/Disembodiment in High Performance – accessing the wisdom of the body.

We work in environments where the body is the conduit for excellence. The body is a tuned machine to create outcomes, and often we are individuals that serve the athletes or are service to tuning their bodies to greatness.

Sometimes our environments are so cut off from being in tune with the body, and in touch with the feelings of the body.

“Body awareness, as I understand it, has nothing to do with the technology of the body. It is not fitness or longevity that is at stake, although these may be by-products. What is at stake is the integration of body, soul and spirit” – Marion Woodman, psychoanalyst and author

Auto-Ethnography – a process and product, an opportunity to explore connections between culture and oneself. Personal experiences and the first-person voice is valued.

What would it be like as an ethnographer to interview your body? Meg explained a process she conducted during her PhD called ‘innerviews’ to explore the voice of the body. During this process she interviewed her right hip, and imagined if she was teaching her hip, what would she say about this character of the hip because it is often said that in the hip, secrets are held.

She gave the example that she would say that her hip is shy, introverted, private, not knowing what he is feeling with a blank facial expression. At every posture he is secretive and almost invisible, has depth and wisdom, and she needs to find a way to connect with him.

Meg then asked the members to have a go at thinking about a part of their body and she asked questions for them to consider to connect with their body in order to explore the inner voice.

Think about part of your body that has an ache or a pain:

1. State the area of the body.
2. Describe literally this body part, listing five things.
3. Think of the texture of the body part.
4. Describe this area as a weather system – what would the weather report be?
5. If you were to give it a voice, what would the voice sound like? What would the accent be?
6. Give that body part a name.
7. Think and connect with that body part – ask it: what do you need from me, or what do you need me to know?

Player-Led Leadership

Discussion points:

If we imagine more space for athletes to connect with their bodies,

1. What would it look like?
2. What would it feel like?
3. What would have to change?

Where can we create more space for the wisdom of the body to speak to us and for the athletes to access it?

“A soul flower finds its nourishment in the roots that go deepest into the dark rich mud” – Marion Woodman, psychoanalyst and author

A Human Performance article brought to you by our Main Partners

By John Portch

The meaning of ‘wellbeing’ in Australian sport has continually developed and the most marked development has been in the last five years.

“Traditionally, it centred around careers and education,” Matt Butterworth, Mental Health Manager at the Australian Institute of Sport [AIS], tells the Leaders Performance Institute. “There may have been some mental health support but nothing as formal and structured as a mental health service. Then there was a fundamental shift in how the AIS did things.”

One of the key milestones was the launch of the AIS’s Wellbeing & Engagement initiative in 2018. “The resulting services were a statement that we’re helping people to be the best athletes but we’re also helping them to develop into well-rounded people that can get on with their lives while they’re athletes. They’re also as well prepared as possible when they transition out,” Butterworth adds. “It’s not ‘you’re a high performance athlete and that’s it’, it’s more about ‘you’re a high performance athlete and we’re here to support you as an overall human being as well’.”

Within the theme of wellbeing, the AIS Mental Health Referral Network overseen by Butterworth operates as a national service where athletes, coaches and high performance support staff can see a mental health professional such as a psychologist for individual support that is confidential and at no cost to them. “The benefit of a national service is that you can operate at a larger scale to benefit more people across sports in terms of the resources we can build and offer in the mental health space. Then the sports themselves can choose to engage with the services they find useful.”

Here we explore where mental health sits in the wider picture for Australian athletes, coaches and practitioners.

Matt, where does the line sit between mental health and mental skills?

MB: There is a network of performance psychologists who are employed by individual sports  and they focus more on helping people with matters related to their performance on the field, on the track or in the pool. This is more mental skills-focussed. Our mental health services at the AIS focus less on performance or execution of a sporting skill, and more on helping people in managing wider aspects of their lives, such as their overall mood, relationships, and day to day functioning. The issues that my team assist with, such as anxiety difficulties, may be happening during an athlete’s performance but they’d also be occurring in other important areas of their lives such as during work, study, or with family and friends.

Can you truly balance wellbeing and performance?

MB: I think a balance can be achieved. The way I’ve heard others explain it really well is for people to be aware of what their priorities are and to spend most of their time doing things that are important to them. That’s the terminology that I think we’ll start using a bit more down here because usually when you say ‘lifestyle balance’ you see people roll their eyes and start turning away from you. If we’re aware of what our priorities are, the important things for us to be doing, the things to make life quite meaningful and enjoyable for us, then that’s a good way to be spending most of our time.

How can you address the common fear, that mental health services are only for making athletes feel better about poor performance?

MB: I think the people who choose to come into a high-performance system, whether they are athletes, coaches, or high performance support staff, like physios, dietitians etc. they probably self-select in that they are quite focused on performing and wanting to win. My perspective would be ‘what are the things we can do to help them move towards that?’ There are times when you have setbacks, there are times when you don’t win. If you can accept not necessarily feeling awesome, accept when things don’t go to plan, it is quite important to manage your emotions and figure out what you need to do to change the result or get a better result in the future. If that involves people feeling a bit better instead of being absolutely crushed and devastated every time that they have a set back or they don’t win an event, then I’m OK with that. I would say it’s more about the journey and the trend to where you’re heading rather than feeling devastated any time you lose. That’s not helpful either.

How are the mental health issues facing Australian athletes evolving?

MB: Typical presentation issues for us are anxiety and depression. That’s the same for pretty much most mental health services around the world and it’s not that different in sport. It is not necessarily a new issue but we’re becoming better at detecting more things. I think our system is now doing more work in the space of eating disorders. We’re becoming aware of just how common traumatic experiences are for people generally in life and that people in our system experience traumatic experiences too. So we’re starting to get better at how we might educate people around that, how we best provide services to support people. An athlete, coach or staff member can go and see a psychologist or mental health clinician for one-to-one support if they want. The Mental Health Referral Network has been operating since 2018 and referral rates are continuing to trend upwards. Generally, the people who access the service have difficulties  at the mild to moderate end rather than needing to go to hospital or anything like that, and I think that’s an indication that people feel less stigma and are more comfortable reaching out for support. We’ve evaluated our services in the last year too and our clients are telling us that our services are helping them to be more aware of what’s more important for mental health, and how to look after their mental health as well. We’re thinking about how we continue to make this sustainable and accessible for more people as well.

How can an athlete refer themselves?

MB: Athletes and other eligible people can refer themselves to the Mental Health Referral Network directly by calling or emailing us. They can also be referred to us by another person, typically this would be by an Athlete Wellbeing Manager in their sport, but we also get referrals on behalf of people such as family members, performance psychologists, coaches, doctors or other support staff. Anyone can make a referral on behalf of an eligible person.

What about the mental health of coaches?

MB: Any coach or high performance support staff member can access the Mental Health Referral Network. Our stakeholders told us back in 2019 that if we want a healthy system then we’ve got to look after as many parts of the system as possible – particularly the coaches and performance staff that work directly with athletes. Coaches play a crucial role in the wellbeing of athletes and the broader system. We know that the expectations and pressure on coaches are very high, their roles are multifaceted, and their job security can be low. This combination of factors can take a high toll on them and their families. With coaches in particular, there’s been a development at the AIS in the past two years of having a specific High Performance Coach Development team. They focus on how best to develop coaches in the Australian high performance system. Part of their work has  a wellbeing aspect as well. We liaise with their team about how they best get information about services available to them in front of the coaches that they’re working with.

Have you enjoyed much success?

MB: Yes, I think so. Independent research that we’ve commissioned over the last four years has told us  that mental health rates in our high performance system have been fairly stable across that time but access to our Mental Health Referral Network has continued to increase year on year. We take this as a positive sign that people are increasingly aware of the need to take care of their mental health and that they’re feeling more comfortable, and less stigmatised, to proactively reach out for support when they need it. A recent independent survey of people who’ve accessed the Mental Health Referral Network also told us that the service has helped them in managing their mental health, in some cases they said it had saved their life, and they want the service to continue to be available to them. We also know from this research that we’ve got work to do around building more awareness, continuing to have the right skills mix of professionals, and we’re about to do some work around how we keep the service sustainable into the future as demand continues to increase.

Do you feel these initiatives have built the credibility of the Mental Health Referral Network?

MB: Yes. The credibility of our programs such as the Mental Health Referral Network has been built by a number of factors. A key one which I think is a hallmark for any type of success has been having great leadership. My team and I have been fortunate to have excellent leadership sitting above us so that we could get on with the job of helping athletes, coaches and staff. There’s been many leaders who’ve assisted. Our current Acting Director of the AIS, Matti Clements, has been a leader at executive level and has really owned and driven the AIS’s approach to wellbeing over the last four years. I think it’s accurate to say that her vision and leadership has been transformative for our system. I think that other factors that have helped in building credibility is the authenticity and work ethic of the people providing mental health services to athletes, coaches and staff. The people involved have taken the approach that if we say we’re going to do something then they’ve worked really hard to deliver that for our stakeholders, whether that’s an individual athlete or a national sporting organisation or one of the organisations that runs the various games in terms of Olympic, Paralympic and Commonwealth Games.

What is next in the mental health space for the AIS?

MB: I think moving more into how we best support mental health at a systemic level, so the overall Australian sport system or the National Sporting Organisations (NSOs/NSODs) who are running their high performance programs but, at the same time, also needing to support the mental health and wellbeing of their athletes.

Does that research tend to back up what you thought in the first place?

MB: Yes, I think so in a number of areas. It’s also given us insights into particular issues we should be targeting more. The trauma space is one of those, the eating disorder space is another one as well, which is why in our Mental Health Referral Network we’ve done a lot of work to ensure professionals with those skillsets are available to help people in our system. Moving forward, we want to create pathways for people who experience more serious  mental health difficulties. While the rate is probably lower than we have in the broader community, we’ve  got some work that we need to do in that space around having good pathways.

By John Portch

“It’s been a bit of a whirlwind,” says Rob Pountney, the Chief Operating Officer at Breaking GB.

He is talking to an audience at the 2022 Leaders Sport Performance Summit in London about the announcement that breaking was to be added to the list of competition events for the 2024 Paris Olympic Games.

“The decision was made in December 2020,” he tells moderator Edd Vahid. “We scrambled then to put together an organisation in a very short space of time that would enable the best breakers in the UK to have a chance to feel supported, have the opportunity to qualify, compete and obviously make the important relationships with the organisations, that I’m sure you’re all aware of, to support them with funding, training, and explore the new ideas of transitioning from what is essentially a cultural dance into the sporting system and find the ways that we can add value to the breakers – we can call them ‘athletes’ now – when you see what they can do I think you’ll appreciate the physicality and the dynamics of what they’re able to do.”

Breaking (sometimes known as ‘breakdancing’) is a type of street dance, characterised by four kinds of movement, known as toprock, downrock, power moves and freezes. It has its origins in the Bronx and emerged as part of New York’s burgeoning hip-hop scene in the early 1970s.

There is a long-established competition circuit and in contests, known as ‘battles’, the breakers receive no notice of what a DJ may play and they have to respond in the moment.

The challenge for Pountney and Breaking GB is to understand where they can add value. “We’ve only had one official test camp,” he says. “We went to the University of Bath Sports Village and essentially it was an induction three or four days but it’s trial and error for us because breaking is quite circular in its path and, to become an amazing breaker/performer, there’s no straight point A to point B. We’re not trying to be faster, stronger; ‘who can jump the highest?’ That kind of thing. This is about pushing the individual boundaries of your own creation to where they can possibly go.

Breaking’s current challenge was recently faced by the woman who sits next to Pountney onstage, GB Climbing’s Head of Performance Lorraine Brown. The organisation sent Shauna Coxsey, its first Olympian, to the delayed Tokyo Games in 2021 when competition climbing was itself added to the Summer Games list of sports.

“We’re actually employing full-time coaches for the first time,” Brown tells Vahid. “But part of it is understanding what it takes to win in the sport. Previously, if you were sixth-best in the UK, you get selected, you go to the competition. ‘Well done’. It’s more about the taking part. The focus on performance has definitely stepped up and really understanding the nuances and the performance standards within the sport and the massive cultural shift that we’re probably looking at.”

The challenge of shifting the needle remains ongoing for GB Climbing and, for his part, Pountney understands where Breaking GB can presently add value for its breakers (commonly known as B-boys and B-Girls).

“The benefit of working in a sporting system is the more scientific approach to the body. It’s not something that we’ve ever had to consider before. The guys are fit, they go to the gym, and they exercise but they never actually have any outside support in a professional capacity – so strength & conditioning, flexibility coaching, psychology, even nutrition – everything to do with what sport brings to the table can definitely benefit the breakers.”

Days before the summit, in early November 2022, the Guardian reported on a study between Break Mission, a British community-based breaking initiative, and Birmingham City University, to better understand the physical attributes of breakers. In the Guardian piece, sports scientist Matthew Cole explained that the breakers’ lab scores are often on par with athletes in other sports and were athletes in the “truest sense”.

Cole added that with growing sophistication in data analysis, insights could ultimately identify potential champions. “Take Lizzy Yarnold in the skeleton bob,” he said. “She went to a talent ID day. She had the characteristics, four years later wins a gold medal.”

Pountney is optimistic about the impact that Breaking GB can have. “We’re fortunate that on our board we’ve got two highly skilled professionals in Rebecca Edgington-Harvey who’s the Performance Manager for GB Boxing, who is used to working with data analysis and capture, and we also have Tracy Whittaker-Smith who’s the Head Coach of British Gymnastics,” he tells the Leaders Performance Institute backstage.

“Between them they are looking at video analysis, we’re looking at competition analysis of the performers and how they’re faring in competition, what are their strengths and weaknesses and we’re taking those bits of information and we’re doing feedback sessions regularly with the breakers and, in terms of a collecting data at the moment, it’s a new path for us, we’re only just starting out.”

Nevertheless, Pountney and his peers are keen to prevent breaking’s cultural heritage being sacrificed in favour of performance. “It’s also important that we try to create an environment for them that feeds their inspiration. One of the things we can try to do is find locations and hubs that bring people together.”

That brings its own coaching challenges. The United States, as one would expect, has an established breaking culture, while France, Japan, China and South Korea have a long-standing global pedigree. Great Britain, by comparison, is a relative newcomer. “Exploring the idea of who can come in to coach, that’s quite challenging, especially in GB, we don’t have high level advisors. Some of the other nations may have recently-retired breakers who are in that mid-30s age group who can come in very professionally, and they’ve got that respect level,” adds Pountney.

He is more confident, however, when it comes to the support Breaking GB can provide around fitness and lifestyles. There have been tangible results. In November 2022, the European Breaking Championships took place in Manchester, England, with Derby’s Karam Singh winning a silver medal for Great Britain. A month earlier, Breaking GB sent a team to the Breaking World Championships in Seoul, South Korea.

“We’ve got a lot of feedback from that we can then relay to the breakers,” Pountney tells the Leaders Performance Institute. He picks up on the importance of psychological support. “When you can see a breaker that’s having issues with their confidence or if they’re too affected by their own lack of performance on the day it’s important that they don’t let that show through because, at the end of the day, they are performing and judges are scoring them and what might be visible to them in terms of mistakes isn’t always very visible to an audience, to a judge; and so I think it’s really important that they keep that positive mindset all of the time when they’re competing.”

On the competition front, Singh, whose stage name is Kid Karam, has indicated that his aim is to not only qualify but win a medal in Paris and he is one of a series of British hopefuls competing for just 32 slots at the Olympics (16 B-Boys and 16 B-Girls will enter a knockout competition) and he and his peers will have several opportunities to qualify ahead of the event, including the European Games in Kraków-Małopolska, Poland, which take place across June and July.

Pountney explains onstage that having those back-to-back championships in 2022 showed British breakers that Breaking GB offers a transparent and results-driven selection process. It also demonstrated that the best breakers will have access to funding and travel expenses. That said, there is the challenge of identifying and developing the next generation from a talent pool numbering in the hundreds rather than the thousands.

It is a slightly wider pool in competition climbing, but Brown suggests that Breaking GB could seek to inherit athletes from other disciplines. “A lot of our athletes come from other sports,” she says. “They’ve already been in other sports, they migrate to climbing because of the culture, it’s not as competitive, it’s a bit more free-spirited, and if I look in our current team we’ve got gymnasts, swimmers, we’ve got people in athletics who have come to our sport. How do we still provide an outlet for athletes to try something different?” To be fair, there are already British breakers who have gone down that path, such as Stirling’s Emma Houston, AKA Shortbread, who gave up playing football for Falkirk to concentrate on her breaking career.

All in all, Pountney is optimistic for 2023. “The big opportunity in the year ahead is definitely qualification,” he says. “It will make a massive difference, the legacy of somebody competing at the Olympic Games will massively raise the profile in Britain of breaking as a sport. From a grassroots perspective, it’s a chance to look at how we can grow the participation levels and inclusion in breaking across the country, access to the school networks, the development of facilities and the provision of training spaces across the country.”

By John Portch

Joe Montemurro, the Head Coach of Juventus Women, explains that the team’s President, Andrea Agnelli, wishes he had done things differently with the team.

“I remember going to a dinner with the owners and sponsors and I was sitting on the same table as Mr Agnelli, and we had a chat,” Montemurro tells the Leaders Performance Institute.

“He said that one regret he has in life is that he didn’t start the women’s team earlier because he thinks Juventus is a little behind the top teams because he didn’t start five or six years earlier. That probably gives you an understanding of where the club sits in the landscape.”

The hope of both Agnelli and Montemurro is to see Juventus Women match the success and reputation of the men’s team. Since entering Serie A in 2017, the club has won the scudetto in five consecutive seasons and the aim for the future is to sustain that success and build a team that can compete regularly for the Uefa Women’s Champions League.

“There’s a saying at Juventus – ‘fino alla fine’ – which means ‘go to the end’ or ‘fight to the end’,” says Montemurro. “There’s another one: ‘vincere non è importante e l’unica cosa che conta’, which means ‘winning isn’t important, it’s the only thing’.”

The latter was uttered by former Juventus striker and second-highest scorer in the history of the men’s team, Giampiero Boniperti, at the inauguration of the Juventus Stadium in Turin in 2011.

Such thinking explains why Juventus Women turned to Montemurro in the summer of 2021. He has more than 20 years’ experience as a coach, In 2019, he led Arsenal Women to their first Women’s Super League title in seven years and, before that, claimed back-to-back W-League championships with Melbourne City Women in his native Australia.

“Part of the club’s growth and development was to bring in someone who has a bit of experience in Europe who can take the club to the next level,” says Montemurro. “We’ve instilled a methodology of play, which is mine. I have moulded it with some good things here in Italy and if you watch the game you’ll see a very identifiable style of mine. There’s been no real handbook that says ‘this is the Juventus style’ but it’s about representing the club in the right way with the values it has; the level of class with which it struts around in Italy and Europe.

“You feel Juventus, you feel the history, you feel the weight of wearing this jumper and that’s a great thing. It’s where you want to be in football and I love it.”

Montemurro is also driven by the desire to “educate” the women’s football landscape in Italy. “It’s not behind but women’s football in Italy still has a long way to go to find its place.” The 2022-23 season will be the first that Serie A Women is fully professional. “I want to create something that a lot of clubs can use as a template to say ‘this is how we will grow and get better so the game grows’.”

He has been afforded the space to innovate as there has been buy-in to his ideas across the board. “Everything I’ve brought forward or we’ve brought forward as a group to get better and better and better, we discuss it and look at it, and most of the time it’s actually ‘hey, I think that’s a good idea, we could do that’. And we’re sometimes talking about little things. Travelling two days before instead of one day before. The ability to innovate, and they’re so open to being this global brand that they’re looking at being the best and being creative. I really like that because it gets my mind ticking to be better and better and better. How can I be better? How can my staff be better? How can everyone around us be better because the club will give you that support but they’ll also say ‘look, it’s not the right time to do this because of this or that’. There’s never anything discounted.”

The Juventus Women senior team and academy are closely aligned, as one might expect, but there is also alignment between the women’s team and the Juventus men’s under-23s. “We work very closely together and follow similar processes to the senior men’s team,” says Montemurro, who likes his multidisciplinary team to be football-driven.

“The first thing, and I did it at Arsenal and I did it at Juventus, is to make sure that football is at the core of everything that we do because that’s what we’re judged on. It’s funny, because in the word ‘football’ the latter part of the word is ‘all’ so I flash that word up and say ‘it’s all of us’.

“I can then give the base to the medical staff to say, ‘OK, we’re playing X amount of games, we play this way, we know that we need players who are very good in small areas, they can recover because we play a short passing game’ – I’m using a very broad example – ‘so we need to focus on those things and get players who need to get aerobically fit as part of the game’. They can look at that. The sports science department or the S&C department then look at the football as the base of everything we do. So all of our warm-ups are based on the methodology of the football.

“This whole idea of ‘footb-all’ is as corny and clichéd as it comes, but it’s important. In the end, I’m just trying to create a football culture. All the other stuff is irrelevant. And I think you get buy-in. When the methodology is clear, when the way you want to play is clear, then the doctors understand, the nutritionists understand, and everyone understands what we’re trying to achieve in the long run.”

Montemurro also encourages his staff to prioritise their CPD with one request. “One of the things I tell each department is to stick within the football. CPD is very important, but make yours the best department in the world. Make it the best medical department in the world, make it the best analytics department. It’s your baby, make it you. I’m here to help you, obviously we’ve got certain pre-requisites week-in week-out that we need to do, but if you’ve got the opportunity to go and watch a game or watch some training and bring something back and do something, absolutely.”

The Leaders Performance Institute asks Montemurro about the biggest changes he has observed in football coaching in recent years. His answer is informed by his work at Juventus. “The top coaches are able to ascertain a level of hierarchy and respect, but also have a more human aspect. The head coach isn’t that far away from everything that’s happened. I think it’s becoming more, I don’t know if this is the right word, but more human in terms of the understanding of the player-staff-head coach connection and ascertaining the end goal. Everyone’s more in it together.

“I think coaches are still just starting to understand that ultimately they have to make decisions but the decisions are more informed through processes. Obviously our scope of work is broader now. We are involved in every aspect of the game. I don’t think it can be left to say ‘I’m just going to go on the park and Sunday’s my day or game day’s my day’; now it’s really important that everyone’s involved in that. The staff and everyone is involved in how we go forward but obviously with your eye on top of it. I think there’s just been a more human factor and I think that the top coaches are usually empathetic to the wellness and wellbeing of their staff and players. I think that’s been a big change. It’s not just a job any more – it’s a lifestyle. You’re spending so much time here and you have to make it the best place it can be, and I think we as head coaches – or I am anyway – are more concerned about the welfare and wellbeing of your staff and players. That results in performance.”

What of the coach of the next ten years? “I think the coach of the future is one that will need to understand the sports science, S&C, sports medicine. I just think it’s going that way and I think we need to have a broader understanding of every little bit because, ultimately, if you’re not involved in the market, I know you’ve got scouts and analytics, the scouting and analysis departments do a lot of that work for you, but if you don’t understand the background of the player you’re investing in or the staff that you’re investing in, then how do you deal with them when they’re going forward? They may have had a bad experience at a club and they’re coming into another situation. How do you deal with that?

“I think the coach of the future will be more educated and understanding of all the other disciplines involved and I think with that will come a new wave of innovation in how we see the game and how we approach the game tactically. It’s already happening with a lot of clubs; the Brentfords and their ‘Moneyball’ approach. [Bayern Munich men’s Head Coach] Julian Nagelsmann with the big screen next to his training pitch. The level of coaching is going to be so high because everyone’s going to have a great understanding of the discipline that innovation is just going to go to the next level.

“The coach of the future is very exciting,” Montemurro concludes.

“I won’t see it because I’m an old man, but definitely I’ll watch this space from the beach in my holiday home, wherever it is.”

By John Portch

• Fail fast and learn quickly.

• Analyse, decide, commit.

• Balance hard work with recovery time for your people.

1. McLaren will run towards a problem

McLaren took part in the UK government’s VentilatorChallengeUK project when the F1 season was halted in early 2020. A consortium of teams and major industrial organisations, including Siemens and Airbus, helped to deliver 13,437 ventilators to the British National Health Service in just 10 weeks.

“We’re not ventilator experts but we’re pretty comfortable at running towards a problem, whatever it is, and breaking it down to find the issue, fix it, and move on,” Piers Thynne, the Executive Director, Operations at McLaren Racing, told an online audience at 2020’s Virtual Leaders Meet: Total High Performance.

“Once we have a plan, we’re running at stuff really aggressively,” added Mark Mathieson, the Director of Innovation at McLaren Applied Technologies. “You don’t know what’s coming next and you need to be able to respond to that. I think we brought a lot of that from McLaren and the other Formula 1 teams and blew people away with what could be done so quickly and challenge the paradigms of conventional industry.”

2. They empowered their people to run

Mathieson explained that it was important that staff members felt empowered in their roles. He said: “We found that, again, like in our day jobs really, you’ve got to empower those people to run the challenges and make their own decisions locally and escalate when they need to ask for help and support. You can just cover so much ground so quickly when you let people run like that. And if they get things wrong, you’ve got to support them as well; we learn so much from failure. You’ve got to dig in and get through it, but the leader’s job in that situation is looking ahead, work out what’s coming next, and trying to clear the path and put the right resources in at the right time. It was a very formative phase; I wouldn’t say we had a hard and fast plan; we had a target for production and it was a real journey of discovery for everyone.”

3. There is no time for pontification

McLaren’s philosophy and team culture served them well. “Formula 1 is a pretty agile and time-bound sport although, in the operational side of it, time is probably our biggest currency,” said Thynne. “We don’t have time to stop or pontificate, we have to analyse, decide and move on. That philosophy applied quite appropriately to this project; it was a bit different because it wasn’t a transmission component or a suspension component or a systems component, it was a specific part of a subsystem in a ventilator.”

4. They kept the main thing the main thing

McLaren maintained clarity with a daily 7am meeting. “When you’ve got that delegated empowerment of the teams, they run at the challenges day-on-day,” Mathieson said. “Every day you have a success and when you’ve got that you keep the energy high. ‘What got shipped last night? Everyone’s focused on the number; how many ventilators went out last night on shipment? And everyone is just trying to make that happen. Right, now face forward, what have we got to do today? What is the constraint or what are the constraints? Who’s dealing with it and how are we going to clear those? Let’s get on with it.’ You had that near-term focus and those successes as you’re moving forward; it’s really important that the team gets energised by that.”

5. Downtime was built in

Rest was essential in keeping the team and consortium focused and fresh. “You can’t go at it relentlessly,” said Mathieson. “We found that that five or six weeks in, we’d all been working very long hours, seven days a week, 21 hours a day, and we start to see people getting grouchy at that time and decisions are perhaps not the best decisions. We started to impose some days off and people had to go and do something different for a day and then come back to it a bit fresher. We always had cover from the leadership team and, again, shared the load out, so that we managed our teams appropriately over the whole seven days every week.”

By John Portch

Ken Lynch, the National Performance Pathway Manager at Australian Sailing, is explaining to the Leaders Performance Institute why long-term thinking is a relatively new concept in sport.

“Previously, annual or short-term funding for sports largely disabled longer term thinking,” says Lynch. “In tandem with short-term funding there were short-term targets. And while many understood and believed more strategic, longer term thinking and approaches were required, the reality was that the focus remained on the ‘now’ for the most part.”

As investment models have evolved so has the thinking around high performance strategies. “More balanced approaches to investment and the value placed on sustainability has unlocked more strategic thinking and promoted longer term planning,” continues Lynch. “The announcement of Olympic and Paralympic Games locations further in advance has also been a contributing factor to a more serious look to the future in terms of sport systems.”

Lynch, a former schoolteacher, has worked at a number of sports organisations, eight years at High Performance Sport New Zealand and five years at the Irish Institute of Sport where he served as Team Manager for triathlon.

In the first of two instalments exploring the space given to talent pathways in sport, Lynch hones in on the importance of integrating long-term and short-term planning as well as learning through evidence-based practice.

Ken, what are some of the factors that can hinder forward thinking in high performance systems?

KL: My sense is that we are still organising ourselves in blocks of time as opposed to perceiving the movement of athletes, coaches and staff into and through systems as constant ‘flow’. After all, people aren’t born every four years! The embedding of longer term thinking into strategic plans and working across two or three concurrent timelines is a sign of system maturity. The complexity can be navigated in the design and structure of the organisation and work. One temptation I have learned to avoid is using Olympic and Paralympic locations as end points of strategies. People tend to work towards that point in time with many not thinking beyond it – not the type of thinking we want to promote. Perpetual motion in advanced planning and that concept of flow through multiple horizons is, in my view, the healthiest view to have in promoting forward thinking.

How can performance systems look to develop that ‘flow’?

KL: Building platforms to support the flow of people underpinned by good process is key to better enabling sustainable, repeatable performance. The value of good quality systems and processes, while some people view them as onerous, is that once complete, they free people up to concentrate on performance. Well-constructed process can be actioned simply and easily and not add clutter to valuable work. Getting clear and accurate on targets, gap analysis and planning a logical sequence of moves to execute a robust, well thought out plan gives people and organisations the confidence to drive forward and minimise the distraction a lack of clarity can present. Identifying what it will take to win, being clear on what is required to deliver that, for example, certain types of athletes and coaches, generates focus and efficiency. Often people or sports that are not clear have large numbers of people involved in the system for fear they may miss somebody. This can dilute resources and remove some of the edge required to deliver world class performance. You need to be accurate, identify clear targets and simplify action and process. These are conditions for success but also enable effective tracking, reporting and support of performance, current and future potential.

Can you think of examples when organisations have found that balance?

KL: When I worked at High Performance Sport New Zealand, when establishing the performance pathway pillar, the future became embedded in the system. It can’t go away, it becomes a constant and that flow becomes a constant. Investment meetings, reviews and decisions are based less on retrospective performance and more on potential performance, which makes more sense. ‘We’re going to invest in you for how you do in the future not just reward you for how you’ve done in the past’. I think that shifts the dial and the thinking around how investment is executed while noting that the ability to demonstrate you can deliver performance is still an important ingredient.

Earlier you mentioned gap analyses. What is the best process for identifying those gaps?  

KL: You have to ask: how many athletes and coaches do you need capable of delivering what and at what stage of the pathway? Where have you got gaps, how do you fill them and ensure the system minimises the chances of gaps appearing in the future? Have you established what it will take to win this cycle and the following two? This can be easier to track in more measurable sports, with team or more strategic sports, it is critical to understand the direction the discipline or game is going and creating a clear view of what approach will be most likely to beat key competitors in the future. Aligning recruitment and development to that intelligence while probing to check and challenge the theory is essential. The closer we get to targets the more clarity we gain and can tweak accordingly.

With that check and challenge comes learning. How significant is that?

KL: An ability for a system to learn and understand – that is a real string to their bow because it shifts away from anecdotal thinking; and a small country like New Zealand may be more likely to be able to do it because the population is smaller and it is more manageable to capture and see everybody. A system learning from itself is important to support the check and challenge strategy that planning requires. Applying that learning quickly and effectively is vital to optimal system evolution. If the right amount of rigour was applied to the development of strategic and operational plans, these learnings should just result in tweaks to approaches or plans. Learning and moving on; learning faster than key competitors can be the difference between delivering performance and not. Smaller countries with the ability to be agile and move quickly have a distinct advantage here. If set up well they can move on learnings quickly, adapt and look for new opportunities. This learning can take many forms beyond tracking progression, for example learning from and responding to athlete feedback.

This approach sets the foundations for evidence-based development.

KL: It must be linked to evidence. The rigour applied and understanding behind identifying what it will take to win in the future provides you with a significant amount of evidence and enables you to chart a course to performance. This chart along with the type of regression modelling mentioned earlier provides a program with milestone markers that enable reporting back on progression from individual athlete tracking through to an aggregated program view. Again, this is an important step in enabling a program or organisation to give confidence to stakeholders that the gap to performance or repeatable success is closing. In centimetres, grams, seconds (CGS) or more measured sports this type of progression mapping may be easier to achieve. Other sports, like sailing, rely on more subjective assessments of progression in tandem with results data. Having the right people around the table to give credibility to those processes is an important factor in ensuring accuracy but also to promoting confidence for stakeholders.

It also enables teams to focus on the now while casting an eye towards the future.

KL: A big challenge for the next wave or generation of athletes and coaches is remaining visible and staying integrated with the parts of the system above and, to a degree, below. There can often be a gap between what could be labelled High-Performance (HP) and High-Performance Development (HPD). This can grow or shrink depending on a combination of factors, with strategy and operation being two of those. Time of cycle can create opportunities to either widen or close that gap. Intense focus on the ‘now’ athletes and programs can cause constriction for the future side of the business with either a reduction in resourcing or attention, or potentially both, come the run into pinnacle events. In some sports, the utilisation of integration to create valuable internal competition, effective critical mass and learning opportunities for future athletes and coaches in understanding and experiencing the lead into pinnacle performance is valuable. It’s important too that that exposure and experience is debriefed and translated into applied learning.